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Human Physiology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth, which is striated?

A

Skeletal and cardia

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2
Q

Of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth, which can can contract spontaneously?

A

Cardiac and smooth

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3
Q

Which type of neuron innervates skeletal muscle? Smooth muscle?

A

Skeletal- Somatic Motor

Smooth- Autonomic

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4
Q

A tendon connects

A

muscle to bone

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5
Q

A ligament connects

A

bone to bone

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6
Q

Which type of muscle cell is multinucleate?

A

Skeletal

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7
Q

______ moves bones closer together

A

flexion

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8
Q

If an extensor muscle contracts, the angle between bones

A

increases

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9
Q

Do muscle cells have inhibitory neurons?

A

No

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10
Q

What is the connective tissue that surrounds fibers?

A

fascia

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11
Q

Fascia is bundled into ______

A

fascicles

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12
Q

The cell membrane of a muscle cell is the

A

sarcolemma

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13
Q

A triad is formed from

A

One T-tubule between two terminal cisternae

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14
Q

Myofibrils are composed of _____ and _____ filaments.

A

thick, thin

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15
Q

Thick filaments include

A

Myosin, Titin, Nebulin

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16
Q

Thin filaments include

A

Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin

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17
Q

A myofibril is surrounded by ______ ______ and is packaged into ______.

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, fibers

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18
Q

Describe Myosin

A

A motor protein composed of two separate heads: a light chain and a heavy chain

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19
Q

Because the Heavy Chain of Myosin cleaves a phosphate group from ATP, it is also known as

A

Myosin ATPase

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20
Q

What is the site of ATP binding and release

A

Actin

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21
Q

How is the sarcomere defined

A

the thick and thin filaments between two adjacent z-disks

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22
Q

1 thick filament is surrounded by ______ thin filaments and 1 thin filament is surrounded by ______ thick filaments

A

Six, three

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23
Q

Which types of muscle have T-tubules?

A

Cardiac, Skeletal

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24
Q

Is a T-tubule part of the intracellular compartment?

A

No

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25
Q

What are the two contractile proteins? Regulatory Proteins? Accessory Proteins?

A

Actin, Myosin. Troponin, Tropomyosin. Titin, Nebulin

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26
Q

Titin helps with with alignment of Thick filaments with thin filaments, and its elasticity returns muscles to Resting Length.

A

True

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27
Q

When a muscle contracts, ______ shorten

A

Sarcomeres

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28
Q

What can bind to Troponin?

A

Calcium ions, Tropomyosin, Actin

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29
Q

What is the cascade that occurs when intracellular calcium is increased inside a myofibril? Where does this calcium come from?

A

Calcium binds to Troponin, Troponin moves tropomyosin away from Myosin ATPase, Myosin ATPase can bind to Actin, Power Stroke activates. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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30
Q

Describe the contraction cycle.

A

ATP binds to MATPase and is hydrolyzed into ADP. Intracellular Ca increases, Phosphate group is released, Heavy chain binds to Actin, Head contracts, Moves thin filament, ADP is released into ECF at end.

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31
Q

When is the Myosin ATPase in the “Cocked Position”?

A

After ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP & P.

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32
Q

What triggers intracellular calcium release?

A

Generation of End Plate Potential

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33
Q

What receptors are found on the muscle end plate? What is the Neurotransmitter?

A

Nicotinic. Acetylcholine.

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34
Q

What happens in the T-Tubule after ACh is released on a motor end plate?

A

An end plate potential is generated and Local current flow flows down the T-tubule.

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35
Q

What receptor is typically located at the bottom of a T-Tubule?

A

Dihydropyridine Receptors

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36
Q

What is the dihydropyridine receptor linked to and what does it do when an end plate potential is generated?

A

Ryanodine Receptor. This receptor releases intracellular calcium from the SR.

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37
Q

What are the components of Excitation-Contraction Coupling?

A

ACh binding with its receptor initiates Na channels to open, causing a depolarization in the muscle and eventual contraction.

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38
Q

Does K exit through the same channels as Na?

A

Yes

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39
Q

What enzyme forces Calcium back into the SR?

A

SER Calcium ATPase

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40
Q

What enzyme initiates relaxation?

A

SER Calcium ATPase

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41
Q

Which is faster? Neuron AP or Muscle AP?

A

Neuron

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42
Q

What has greater Hyperpolarization? Neuron AP or Muscle AP?

A

Neuron

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43
Q

How long is the contraction and relaxation phase of a muscle?

A

10-100 msec.

44
Q

What are the three components of a muscle twitch? What causes the Latent Period?

A

Contraction, relaxation phase, Latent period. Duration of contraction cycle.

45
Q

What is used as a buffer for ATP levels?

A

Phosphocreatine

46
Q

What is the breakdown of skeletal Muscle?

A

Rhabdomyolysis

47
Q

What enzyme phosphorylates ADP from phosphocreatine?

A

Creatine Kinase

48
Q

ATP is needed for (in muscles)…

A

1) Crossbridge formation, release,
2) SERCA pumps
3) Na K ATPase pumps

49
Q

What encompasses central fatigue?

A

Psychological Effects, protective reflexes.

50
Q

What enzyme phosphorylates creatine from ATP?

A

Creatine Kinase

51
Q

What are the three subsets of Skeletal Muscle?

A

Fast twitch Glycolytic, Fast twitch Oxidative, Slow twitch

52
Q

Which subset of skeletal muscle is the most vascularized?

A

Slow twitch

53
Q

What molecule is highly present in oxidative fibers?

A

Myoglobin

54
Q

Which fibers subset is dependent on Glycolysis for ATP production?

A

Fast twitch Glycolytic

55
Q

Which fiber has the smallest diameter of the subsets?

A

Slow twitch

56
Q

What happens when the resting length is greater than optimum? Less than optimum?

A

Few crossbridges are formed, decreases tension. Thin filaments begin to overlap preventing crossbridge formation.

57
Q

Can Contractions sum their tension? Why?

A

Yes, because the Time of contraction is much greater than the Time of EPP, full relaxation cannot occur, and therefore can continually be stimulated without falling tension.

58
Q

What is the difference between complete and incomplete tetanus?

A

Incomplete has a slight relaxation while Complete has No time for relaxation. Aint got no time for that!!!

59
Q

What encompasses a motor unit?

A

The motor neuron and the fibers it innervates

60
Q

Is one fiber only innervated by one motor neuron?

Can a motor neuron innervate multiple muscle fibers?

A

Yes. Yes.

61
Q

Can there be mixed subsets of skeletal muscle in a motor unit?

A

No.

62
Q

How does the body compensate for increased load?

A

Recruitment of additional fibers

63
Q

How does the body allow sustained contractions?

A

Asynchronous Recruitment

64
Q

Which type of contraction moves loads?

A

Isotonic

65
Q

If you perform a plank (holding a stable lateral position against the force of gravity), what type of contractions are you performing?

A

Isometric

66
Q

Which type of contraction produces force?

A

Both types

67
Q

If an isotonic contraction shortens the fibers and the sarcomeres, what does a isometric contraction shorten?

A

It shortens the elastic elements and the sarcomeres.

68
Q

_____ _____ is inversely proportional to increased load and is variable with muscle type.

A

Contraction Speed

69
Q

How is smooth muscle categorized?

A

Location, Contraction Pattern, Communication

70
Q

How do single unit smooth muscles contract?

A

Through Gap Junctions

71
Q

Which type of smooth muscle is periodically contracted?

A

Phasic

72
Q

If you have a smooth muscle cell that is located in the enteric system, is usually contacted to some degree, and does not have gap junctions, what would be the description of this muscle?

A

Enteric, Tonic, multi-unit

73
Q

How many nuclei are present in a smooth muscle cell?

A

one

74
Q

Can Smooth muscle be multidirectional? Can skeletal muscle?

A

Yes. No.

75
Q

Between smooth and skeletal, which contracts faster?

A

skeletal

76
Q

Between smooth and skeletal, which subset of the PNS is each in?

A

Smooth in autonomic, Skeletal in Somatic

77
Q

Between smooth and skeletal, where are the receptors located?

A

Smooth- all over

Skeletal- motor end plate

78
Q

Between smooth and skeletal, which has troponin?

A

Skeletal

79
Q

Between smooth and skeletal, which has greater amounts of actin

A

Smooth

80
Q

Between smooth and skeletal, which has greater amounts of myosin

A

Skeletal

81
Q

What are the approximate analogues of z disks and T-tubules in smooth muscle?

A

Dense bodies, Caveolae

82
Q

Between smooth and skeletal, what does calcium bind to?

A

Skeletal- troponin

Smooth- calmodulin

83
Q

What is the result of Calmodulin receiving Calcium ions?

A

Myosin LC is phosphorylated

84
Q

If MLC is phosphorylated, what occurs in the MHC?

A

Its activity increases.

85
Q

What is the primary determinate of the force generated in smooth muscle?

A

Amount of MLCK

86
Q

Slow wave potentials generate APs when…

A

their membrane potentials reach threshold

87
Q

Where are slow wave potentials only found?

A

GI tract

88
Q

Describe pacemaker potentials

A

Cells automatically depolarize to threshold (generate APs) at constant intervals

89
Q

Because smooth muscle does not have the ability to recruit more units, how does it grade contractions?

A

Alter the intracellular Calcium concentration

90
Q

How does smooth muscle increase intracellular calcium?

A

By opening Voltage, ligand or Mechanical gates; by Creating 2nd messenger IP3 to bind with SR; by allowing calcium to trigger the RyR to release calcium from SR

91
Q

Are all Autonomic reflexes polysynaptic?

A

yes

92
Q

If a reflex has at least one interneuron it is a _____ reflex.

A

polysynaptic

93
Q

How is muscle stopped from contracting?

A

Somatic neurons are inhibited

94
Q

Alpha motor neurons innervate _____ fibers while _____ _____ neurons inhibit Intrafusal fibers.

A

Extrafusal, Gamma motor

95
Q

Intrafusal fibers are…

A

responsible for controlling and sensing stretch

96
Q

Name the three proprioreceptors

A

Joint Receptors, Golgi tendon organs, Spindles

97
Q

Are spindles always active?

A

yes

98
Q

What allows muscle spindles to always be stretched even when the extrafusal fibers are contracted?

A

Alpha- gamma coactivation. Gamma motor neurons innervate intrafusal fibers when Alpha motor neurons innervate extrafusal fibers.

99
Q

Spindles restore arm position by initiating _____. Golgi tendon organs prevent damage to muscles by…

A

Contraction. Exciting Inhibitory interneurons to alpha motor neurons to relax a muscle

100
Q

The patellar tendon reflex is a _____ reflex

A

monosynaptic

101
Q

Crossed extensor reflex moves the body away from a painful stimulus with one limb and supports posture of the body with the other limb

A

true

102
Q

_____ tracts innervates muscles for voluntary movements and reflex pathways

A

Corticospinal tracts

103
Q

Where do corticospinal tracts decussate?

A

In the pyramids

104
Q

How are females generalized?

A

Reproductive partner with larger gamete.

104
Q

Why is the egg so big?

A

Needs nutrients for development

105
Q

What does a sex cell do during division?

A

During prophase one,

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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