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Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gap junctions allow communication between adjacent cells through what kind of proteins

A

connexins

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2
Q

Paracrines work on cells near the site of secretion while autocrines work on

A

the same cell that secreted it

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3
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

chemicals secreted by neurons

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4
Q

What are neurohormones?

A

chemicals released by neurons into blood

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5
Q

What is needed to induce a response in a cell with a neurocrine agent?

A

A receptor that is compatible with the neurocrine agent

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6
Q

Lipophilic signal molecules bind with their receptor in the ______ or on the ______ ______

A

Cytosol, nuclear membrane

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7
Q

What do lipophilic signal molecules typically induce?

A

Turning on genes or signaling cell division

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8
Q

Which binds quicker, a lipophilic or lipophobic signal molecule?

A

Lipophobic

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9
Q

What are the four categories of membrane receptors?

A

Channel, Receptor enzyme, G-Coupled, Integrin

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10
Q

Ligand binding to a channel receptor results in

A

opening or closing the gate

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11
Q

If a ligand binding alters intracellular enzyme, what was the possible receptor type

A

receptor-enzyme

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12
Q

G-protein coupled receptors may alter enzyme activity or open ion channels.

A

True

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13
Q

Which receptor is closely linked to the cytoskeleton?

A

Integrin receptor

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14
Q

Amplifier Enzymes are used to

A

speed up production of 2nd messenger proteins

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15
Q

What are two results of the production of 2nd messenger molecules?

A

Activation of protein kinases, Increase intracellular calcium

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16
Q

Signal amplification allows for

A

a small amount of signal to induce a large change

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17
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) turns into cyclic Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by which enzyme

A

Adenyl cyclase

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18
Q

The amplifier enzyme _______ _______ converts membrane phospholipids into diacylglycerol and IP3.

A

Phospholipase C

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19
Q

PKC is activated by _______, phosphorylating proteins. IP3 causes what?

A

Diacylglycerol, release of Calcium from smooth ER

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20
Q

Calmodulin is a

A

calcium binding protein that alters other protein activity

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21
Q

Is [Calcium] higher extracellularly or intracellularly?

A

Extracellularly

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22
Q

Arachidonic acid is a _____ _____ to lipid soluble paracrines.

A

Pre cursor molecule

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23
Q

A ligand or a _____ can activate a receptor, while an _____ blocks a receptor

A

Agonist, antagonist

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24
Q

What is Dual innervation?

A

Using different signals to send a parameter in opposite directions i.e. Heart rate

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25
Norepinephrine increase heart rate, making it a _____ response, while _____ decreases heart rate, making it a _____ response
sympathetic, acetylcholine, parasympathetic
26
Afferent neurons are along _____ tracts and communicate a signal of a stimulus, but _____ neurons are along _____ tracts and go to the target cell.
Ascending, efferent, descending
27
The classic Simple neural reflex is the knee jerk reflex when the _____ _____ _____ is stressed and sends a signal to the spinal cord
Golgi tendon organ
28
An abnormal ______ receptor shortens the _____ of the receptor and results in Congenital Diabetes insipidus
Vasopressin, Half-life
29
Oligodendrocytes can be found in the _____ or _____
Spinal cord or brain
29
With respect to a endocrine reflex, a neural reflex is
faster and more direct
30
The cells that make myelin in the peripheral nervous system are
Schwann cells
31
What is the region where an axon begins?
The axon hillock
32
The presynaptic axon terminal synapses with the postsynaptic cell at the
Synaptic cleft
33
The neurotransmitter of motor neurons is
Acetylcholine
34
Small derivatives of amino acids
Neurotransmitter a
35
The vesicles containing neurotransmitters are moved by the _____ along _____.
Cytoskeleton, microtubules
36
Vesicles are _____ when intracellular calcium _____.
Exocytosed
37
The organelle responsible for the packaging of vesicles is
The Golgi apparatus
38
Name the four types of glial cells in the CNS
Ependymal cells, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes
39
Which glial cell is responsible for the take of potassium water and neurotransmitters?
Astrocytes
40
These glial cells create a barrier between compartments and are a source of neural stem cells
Ependymal cells
41
The immune cells of the CNS are
Microglia
42
____ on astrocytes encase capillaries in order to create a blood brain barrier
Podocytes
43
If a graded potential is suprathreshold an _____ _____ is generated
Action potential
44
What causes the graded potential in the cell body?
An influx of sodium
45
What is rate coding?
The frequency of action potentials in a neuron.
46
What is the resting membrane potential?
-70 mV
47
What inhibits the continuos rise of depolarization in an action potential?
Inactivation gates on sodium channels shut
48
In order to restore the membrane potential, what gates are open after the initial depolarization?
Potassium channels
49
What is the type of gated channel that controls the efflux of potassium
Voltage gated
50
How many seconds is one action potential? How long is the absolute refractory period?
4 msec, 1.5 msec
51
The absolute refractory period is the byproduct of the activation gates slowly resetting.
True
52
Saltatory conduction occurs in _____ axons
Myelinated
53
Where are ion channels located on a myelinated axon?
At the Nodes of Ranvier
54
Hyperkalemia results in lower than normal stimulus to trigger an action potential.
True
55
What occurs with a depolarization at an axon terminal?
Intracellular calcium increases and neurotransmitters are exocytosed
56
What channel pumps back choline from extracellular fluid into the axon terminal?
Sodium-Choline symport
57
What are the three possible outcomes for leftover neurotransmitter?
Return to axon, destroy by enzymes, diffuse out of cell
58
The amount of neurotransmitter released is inversely proportional to the frequency of action potentials
False, directly proportional
59
What channels enact a fast post synaptic response? And slow?
Ion channels, GPCR
60
If three subthreshold signals sum to be suprathreshold at the trigger zone, the post synaptic potential is _____.
Excitatory
61
Post synaptic inhibition occurs when an inhibitory neuron enacts a hyperpolarization on a neuron resulting in subthreshold signal at the trigger zone
True
62
What is temporal summation?
The sum of two close grade potentials is suprathreshold.
63
What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS that plays a large role in long-term potentiation?
Glutamate. It binds to both AMPA and NMDA receptors
64
What are the three receptor types for ACh
Cholinergic, nicotinic, muscarinic
65
What are the two adrenergic receptors?
Alpha and beta
66
The rostral side of the brain is near the forebrain or cerebellum?
Forebrain
67
Which area of the cranium above the brain and below the skin absorbs cerebral spinal fluid?
Arachnoid membrane
68
What are the three components of the meninges?
The pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid membrane
69
Which area in the brain makes the cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid plexus
70
Astrocytes do what to brain capillaries to protect from harmful substances?
They secrete paracrines that promote tight junction formation.
71
Which root carries information to the CNS?
Dorsal
72
The ventral root carries what kind of information?
Efferent
73
What is the counterpart to a ganglion in the CNS
Nucleus
74
White matter in the brain carries information to and from the brain.
True, dorsal side and peripheral of cord has ascending tracts, ventral side has descending tracts
75
The gray matter contains interneurons.
True
76
In a spinal reflex, the spinal cord is the integration center
True
77
The ____ ____ is on the rostral side of the cerebrum. It is opposite of the ____ ____ and above the ____ ____ and _____ ____.
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
78
Going towards the brain, the transition from the spinal cord to the brain in order is...
Medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons
79
What is the view of the brain if you looked at the profile of one hemisphere?
Mid sagittal view
80
What are the four components of the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal, and pituitary gland
81
Where do the axons of the right and left hemisphere merge?
In the corpus callosum
82
What are the three components of the limbic system
Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala
83
The occipital lobe is associated with ____ while the temporal lobe is associated with ____.
Vision, hearing
84
Which waves are associated with alertness? Which waves are associated with sleep?
Alpha waves, delta waves
85
Wernicke can't write, Broca becomes mad
Method of remembering the effect of damage to certain language processing areas
86
What separates a simple, complex, and special sense receptor?
Simple have free nerve endings Complex have connective tissue capsules Special sense have a synapse that requires a neurotransmitter
87
Most sensory pathways go through the thalamus to cortical centers. What is one sense that does not?
Olfactory. It goes through olfactory bulb.
88
Equilibrium pathways project to the
Cerebellum
89
Lateral inhibition enables localized stimulus by
Inhibiting neurons in its vicinity presynaptically
90
Which are slower to diminish in frequency of action potentials, tonic or phasic receptors?
Tonic
91
Fine touch, proprioreception, vibration decusate in the medulla or the spinal cord?
Medulla
92
Does decupation occur with the primary, secondary, or tertiary sensory receptor?
Secondary
93
If he says corpuscle, high likelihood he is talking about a receptor in the skin.
Too much stuff to know dead gummit
94
Normally, a C fiber is inhibited from sending a signal to the brain by way of an inhibitory interneuron. What occurs during an especially high pain stimulus and where would this then decusate?
The C fiber disinhibits the inhibitory neuron and decusates in the spinal cord on its way to the brain.
95
All parasympathetic responses are mediated by ____ receptors. Sympathetic responses are mediated by ____ receptors.
Muscarinic, adrenergic

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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