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Human Physiology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four primary functions of the Respiratory System?

A

exchange gas
regulate ph
protection from pathogens
vocalization

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2
Q

What are the four components to ventilation?

A

Intake O2, output CO2
Gas exchange between lungs and blood
Transport Gas throughout body
Gas exchange between cells and body

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3
Q

What is the dividing line between the two Respiratory Systems?

A

The Trachea

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4
Q

What lines the small bronchioles? What lines the Trachea and Bronchi?

A

Smooth Muscle. Cartilage.

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5
Q

Which of the Bronchi is more vertical?

A

The Right

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6
Q

What tissue stops food from normally entering the lungs?

A

The Epiglottis

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7
Q

What is the Vapor pressure of H20 in the body?

A

47 mmHg

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8
Q

Air enters the the lungs. The Atmospheric pressure is 750 mmHg. What is the partial pressure of oxygen?

A

P of O2= (750-47) mmHg*21%

P of 02= 147 mmHg

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9
Q

What are your inspiratory muscles? Are they used during passive or active breathing?

A

External intercostals and diaphragm, scalenes if necessary. Both.

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10
Q

When you inspire, does the diaphragm contract or relax?

A

Contract.

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11
Q

What are your expiratory muscles? Are they used during passive or active breathing?

A

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles. Active.

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12
Q

What fluid connects the two membranes of the Pleural sac and what are its two functions?

A

Pleural Fluid.

  • Moist surface for less friction
  • Allows the lungs to stick to the walls of the thoracic cavity
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13
Q

What does the smooth muscle around the bronchioles do during rest?

A

Contracts. It relaxes in activity so to increase flow.

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14
Q

The upper airways contain what type of epithelium? What is its purpose?

A

Ciliated Respiratory Epithelium. Traps and contains pathogens and large particles.

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15
Q

Describe Cystic Fibrosis.

A

Saline layer lies underneath mucus layer of Ciliated Epithelium to aid cilia movement. Layer is created from Osmotic Gradient. Osmotic Gradient created from Cl ions moving out of CFTR channel. Damage to CFTR channel does not allow Osmotic gradient. Results in little movement of cilia and thick, dehydrated mucus.

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16
Q

What are the two types of cells in an alveolus?

A

Type 1: Gas exchange

Type 2: Surfactant producer, can transport solutes out to decrease H2O in alveolus

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17
Q

What is the purpose of surfactant? Is it more concentrated in large or small alveoli?

A

Lines the interior surface of Alveoli to decrease surface tension and keep sacs inflated. More prevalent in smaller alveoli.

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18
Q

Why is the resistance of flow less on the right side of the heart than the left?

A

Length of pulmonary vessels is less.
Larger cross sectional area of pulmonary arterioles
Higher distensibility of pulmonary arterioles

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19
Q

True or False? The volume of air in is equal to the volume of air out?

A

True.

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20
Q

True or False? The flow rate of inspiration is equal to the flow rate of expiration?

A

False. Rate in is higher than rate out.

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21
Q

The volume of one inspiration or expiration is…

A

tidal volume

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22
Q

The maximum amount of inspired air over tidal volume is your…

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

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23
Q

Your expiratory reserve volume is…

A

the amount of air forcefully released from the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

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24
Q

What is the air that remains after a forceful expiration?

A

Residual Volume.

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25
Q

Your vital capacity combines

A

Tidal volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume. Basically the greatest amount that you can forcefully due while living.

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26
Q

For air to move into the lungs, what must the pressure be?

A

Sub-atmospheric

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27
Q

What keeps intrapleural fluid subatmospheric?

A

Tension in the lung’s elastic fibers pulling inwards and rib cage tension pulling outward.

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28
Q

Is the alveolar pressure ever equal to atmospheric pressure?

A

yes, between breaths when there is no movement of air.

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29
Q

What forms the antagonistic muscle group in the respiratory system?

A

External intercostals pulling ribs out and up & internal intercostals pulling the ribs in and down.

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30
Q

Between Obstructive and Restrictive Pulmonary Disease, Which causes a difficulty breathing out?

A

Obstructive

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31
Q

Between Obstructive and Restrictive Pulmonary Disease, Which is more characterized with decrease compliance?

A

Restrictive

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32
Q

Between Obstructive and Restrictive Pulmonary Disease, Which is characterized with decreased volume in an alveolus?

A

Restrictive

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33
Q

Between Obstructive and Restrictive Pulmonary Disease, a knife puncture would be

A

Restrictive

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34
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of Bronchioles results in

A

Bronchoconstriction

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35
Q

Histamines from mast cells results in ___________ in bronchioles.

A

Bronchoconstriction.

36
Q

What are two molecules that result in Bronchodilation?

A

Epinephrine (binding to Beta-2 Receptors) and CO2

37
Q

Alveolar ventilation is equal to the

A

Ventilation Rate * (tidal volume-dead space)

essentially the amount of fresh air reaching alveoli.

38
Q

What are the two types of dead space?

A

Anatomic and Stale air in alveolar space

39
Q

If you are Hyperventilating, the Pressure of O2 is…

A

Higher than normal

40
Q

If you are Hypoventilating, the pH is…

A

lower than normal (more acidic)

41
Q

Bronchioles constrict or dilate based on the presence of…

A

CO2. Increase leads to larger diameter; decrease, smaller diameter

42
Q

Pulmonary Arterioles constrict or dilate based on the presence of…

A

O2. Increase leads to increases the diameter; decrease, decreases the diameter.

43
Q

Do systemic arterioles and pulmonary arterioles behave the same with CO2 and O2?

A

No, they act in opposite fashion.

44
Q

State what occurs within bronchioles, & systemic and pulmonary arterioles with a decrease in O2 concentration.

A

Systemic: Vasodilation
Pulmonary: Vasoconstriction
Bronchioles: Bronchodilation

45
Q

What term defines a lack of oxygen in the blood?

A

Hypoxia

46
Q

What term defines an abundance of Carbon dioxide in the blood?

A

Hypercapnia

47
Q

What three components of blood are monitored?

A

Oxygen, CO2, pH

48
Q

True or False, the partial P of O2 is the same in the airways as the alveoli.

A

False, it diminishes due to uptake of oxygen into blood stream.

49
Q

True or False, the partial P of O2 is the same in the arterioles as the alveoli.

A

True

50
Q

Which alveolar cells contribute to gas exchange? To surfactant production?

A

Type 1. Type 2.

51
Q

Describe Ficks Law of diffusion

A

Proportional to: SA, [G], Permeability (solubility/size)

Inversely Proportional to: Distance^2

52
Q

Is CO2’s solubility higher than Oxygen?

A

Yes.

53
Q

When metabolism increases, what happens to the presence of Oxyhemoglobin near cells?

A

It decreases and starts to form (Hb + O2).

54
Q

At the capillaries, what happens to most of the oxygen from ventilation?

A

It is stored within hemoglobin molecules in RBC

55
Q

If the P of O2 is kept the same, a shift towards lower pH results in ______ Hemoglobin Saturation %

A

Lower

56
Q

What converts CO2 + H2O to H2CO3?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

57
Q

How is the majority of CO2 from respiration stored in the plasma? Can CO2 be bound to Hb?

A

Bicarbonate. Yes.

58
Q

The aorta is an example of an

A

arterie

59
Q

This vessel is carrying a high concentration of HbO2 to the brain. What is the vessel?

A

A carotid Artery

60
Q

This vessel has an elevated partial pressure of CO2 over O2, is coming from the arms, and has a smooth muscle lining under fibrotic tissue. What is this vessel?

A

The superior vena cavae.

61
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve found?

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle.

62
Q

What is a portal system and where are they found?

A

Regions with two capillary systems connected in series. Liver (Hepatic), Kidneys, Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal.

63
Q

Which vessel contains the highest pressure?

A

Aorta

64
Q

From inside the left ventricle out, list the layers of the wall.

A

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium, Pericardium, Pericardial sac.

65
Q

What vessels contribute to the hearts blood supply?

A

Coronary Arteries and veins

66
Q

Where does contraction begin?

A

In the sinoatrial node at the base of the heart

67
Q

What is the function of Chordae Tendineae?

A

Keeps tension in valves to ensure one way flow.

68
Q

Where is the Bicuspid or Mitral valve located?

A

Between the left atrium and ventricle

69
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

Innervation can happen spontaneously. Signal comes from auto- rhythmic cells

70
Q

While T-tubules are larger in myocardial cells, their SR is _____ when compared to skeletal muscle. What does this indicate?

A

Smaller. Shows dependency on Ca in ECF.

71
Q

What happens when a wave of depolarization enters a T-Tubule?

A

LCC channels allow Ca in. Inc in Ca causes RyR to open further inc Ca. Ca binds to troponin and contracts the fiber.

72
Q

What is the process for relaxation in the contractile cells?

A

As Ca channels close, NCX brings in 3 Na/ 3 Ca out as well as SERCA pumps to withdraw Ca into SR. This decreases Ca ICF. Ca unbinds and muscle relaxes. NaKATPase takes out 3 Na/ 2 K in.

73
Q

What two elements contribute to the force of contraction in the heart? How can they increase force?

A

Sarcomere length and contractility. Added stretch in the ventricles cause the sarcomere length to increase. Added Ca intracell can increase binding sites

74
Q

Describe a Myocardial AP. They are 200 msec long» skeletal muscle (1-2 msec)

A

1) Na channels open. Immediate depolarization from -90mV. 2)At peak, K channels open Na channels close, causing polarization. 3) Ca channels open, K- fast close, leveling polarization. 4) Ca channels close. K- slow channels close down to -90

75
Q

Can Myocardial contraction sum?

A

No. Because the refractory period is about as long as a twitch cycle, there is no ability to sum.

76
Q

Describe the action potential generated by the auto- rhythmic cells of the heart.

A

Funny channels allow Na in and some Ca. Cell depolarizes from -60 to -40. At threshold, all Ca channels open, Na channels close. At peak, Ca close and K channels open. Cell polarizes.

77
Q

The rate of depolarization is equal to…

A

The Heart rate

78
Q

After the SA node fires, where is the current spread?

A

First through the atria, slowly, through non contractile fibers. Stops at valves and is routed through AV node. At apex, Perkinje fibers spread the current quickly around the ventricles to the valves.

79
Q

What can be seen on an ECG of a patient with 1º AV Block? 2º? 3º?

A

First: All P waves are conducted and result in QRS complex, but PR interval is longer than .2 sec.
Second: Some P waves do not result in QRS complex. PR interval may be longer or normal.
Third: P waves do not conduct through AV node. No correspondence with a QRS complex.

80
Q

ECGs are _____ of multiple APs

A

sums

81
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The EDV - ESV

82
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation causes _____ because of increased _____ and decreased _____. How does it affect the AV node?

A

Hyperpolarization. K efflux, Ca influx. Slows conduction.

83
Q

Sympathetic Innervation causes _____ because of increased _____ and _____. How does it affect the AV node?

A

Hypopolarization. Na influx. Ca influx. Enhances conduction in AV node

84
Q

True or false? The sympathetic system helps the HR stay at 60 BPM

A

False. The PS brings HR from 90-100 in SA node down to 60 BPM

85
Q

Name the receptor and Neurotransmitter of the Parasympathetic NS. Sympathetic NS?

A

Muscarinic, ACh. Adrenergic, NE.

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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