Test #3

Question 1

Mass Incarceration 1 in ?

Answer 1

1 in 31*

Now more like 1 in 34*

Question 2

Estimated Population in Corrections

Adul population

Answer 2

7,328,200

229,030,637 (Adult Pop)

Question 3

Hot Spots

Answer 3

Hot Spots for incarceration are hardly random: contributors of poverty, unemployment, family disruptio, etc.

Question 4

Deterrence (2009) Index crime clearance rates crime cleared due to arrests

Answer 4

Murder 66%

Robbery 28%

Burgalary 13%

MTV: 12%

abouth 8% of ending up incarcerated

Question 5

Crime drop due to increase in population:

Answer 5

25% of crime drop due to increase in prison population

Question 6

What is the other 75% drop in crime due to?

Answer 6

• drug markert changes
• economic changes
• other factors (policing, innovation, etc.)

Question 7

Describe the progressive era

Answer 7

• 1890s-1930s
• emphasis on restoration of offender through work/training

Question 8

Descrbe the Medical Model

Answer 8

• 1930-1960s
• assume criminal behavior is baused by biological or psychological factors that require individual treatment

Question 9

Describe the Community Model

Answer 9

• 1960s-1970s
• reintegrate & vocation
• avoid incarceration whenever posible
• Key: Rehabilatiation is critical prior to the 1970s

Question 10

Describe the Crime Control Model

Answer 10

• 1970s- Today
• Criminal behavior can be controlled through greater use of incarceration (& strict supervision)
• Goals:
  
  • Control Crime
  • Incapacitation
  • Deterrence
  • Risk Management

Question 11

Why the change and why the increase in Prison Pop.?

Answer 11

• Martison (1974)
• Rising Crime Rates
• Intro of mandatory minimum sentences
• Truth In Sentencing Laws
• Abolition of Parole
• War on drugs 100:1, 18:1
• 12% of PP incresase due to increase in offending
• 88% of PP increase is attributed to change in CJS
• Drug enforcement accounts for nearly 1/3 of PP increase

Question 12

Current State of the mentally ill n the U.S.

Answer 12

• currently far more mentally ill live in the nation’s jails & prisons than in state hospitals
• the incarceration rate of the mentaly ill 4X that of the general population
• conservative estimates put the # at 350,000
  
  • often repeat offenders
  • large mental hospitals are closing

Question 13

Current # of Elderly Prisoners

Answer 13

• in 2010 US prisons held more than 119,000 offenders over 55yo

Question 14

Prisoners w/ HIV/AIDS

Answer 14

in 2008 there were more than 21,000 HIV+ inmates (1.9% of PP) & 6,000 offenders (.5% ofPP)w?AIDS

Question 15

Long-term Prisoners:

Answer 15

Education:

• 40% state inmates have no HSD or GED
• 17%= 8th grade or lower

Addiction:

• 80% of inmates used drugs regularly before incarceration

Mental Illnes:

• about 1 in 5 (18%) of correctional population has a major mental illnes
• 75% have cocurring addiction

Question 16

Juvenile Delinquency Cases in 2009

Answer 16

1.5 million

Question 17

DESCRIBE THE CRIME CONTROL PERION(1980-2005)

Answer 17

• the juv. justice system changed in the 1980s to focus more on crime & being “tough on crime”
• what lead to this change:
  
  • rising crime- including youth crime
  • crack cocaine epidemic/ war on drugs
  • concern over gangs
  • fear of the “super predator”

Question 18

Types of Juvenile Waiver Laws

Answer 18

• Discretionary
• Presumptive/direct/- certain cases start in favor of waiver, defense must convince judge to keep the case in juvenile court
• Mandatory/statutory exclusion- cases that meet certain criteria (age, offense, prior, record, etc)

Question 19

The Expand of Waivers Resulted in:

Answer 19

218,000

• 36X more likely to commit suicide

Question 20

Definition of Terrorism Today

Answer 20

A policy intended to strike with terror those against whom it is adopted; the employment of methods of intimidation; the fact of terrorizing or condition of being terrorized.

Question 21

Terrorism: French Revolution (1789-94)

Answer 21

• Regime de la terreur- new system of government established order through intimidation of the “enemies of the people”
  
  • “People’s Court”- given wide powers of arrest and punishment
  • wide use of death penalty,
  • Maximilian Robespierre- “Terror is nothing but justice, prompt, severe and inflexible; it is therfore an emanation of virtue”
    
    • abuse of state powe
    • getting rid of the monarchy
    • Robespierre’s reign of terror
• Terrorism is associated with abuse of state power

Question 22

Changing Definition of Terrorism

Answer 22

• Big social and economic changes continue to influence definition
  
  • Regime de la terreur produced a lasting anti-monarchy sentiment
  • Industrial Revolution and 19th century capitalism
    
    • exploitation of workers & poor led to new ideologies
    • Burgeoisie
    • Proletariat
• This is where the term terrorism gained the familiar anti-state connotation we know today

Question 23

Carlo Piscane

Answer 23

• Carlo Piscane- Italian republican extremist in mid 19th century
• “Propaganda by Deed” →Violence can be use to
• “The propaganda of the idea is a chimera. Ideas result from deeds (violence), not the latter from the former, and the people will not be free when they are educated, but educated when they are free.”
• What is he saysing?
• Violence can be used to 1. draw attention 2. rally the masses behind the cause
• trying to unite people through propaganda is dumb/mythical
• chimera-Greek monster
• set people free through deeds then educate them

1. draw attention to a cause
2. rally the masses behind the cause

Answer 24

• Narodnaya Volva (People’s Will)- fought Tsarist rule in 1878 through selective targeting of royals and government officials- anarchists
• anarchists-assassinate a slew of state leaders (including an attempt on Roosevelt)
• Militant Armenian nationalists
• 1930s WWII:
  
  • practices of mass repression by totalitarian states like Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia
  • terrorist begins to be associated with people trying to overthrow oppressive regimes
• Shifts to mean rebellion against the state
• 1960s and 1970s- the term regains its revolutionary meaning
  
  • Many newly independent third worl coutries produce “freedom fighters” against colonial oppresion
  • Palestine Liberation OrganizationPLO
  • ETA

Question 25

Narco-Terrorism

Answer 25

use of drug traffickin to advance the objectives of certain terrorist orgs.

Question 26

Crime vs. Terrorism SIMILARITIES

Answer 26

* both are social construction (something that wouldn't exist with out society, like democracy or the idea of freedom) * “one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter” * Menachen Begin- Irgun Zvai Leumi * Yasir Arafat-PLO * disproportionately committed by young males * undermines social trust * “Because no one can be sure of what behavior to expect from others” (LaFree & Dugan, 2004)

Question 27

Crime vs. Terrorism DIFFERERNCES

Answer 27

* While terrorist activities typically constitute multiple crimes for many nations, specific crime of terrorism does not exist * the response to common crime rarely moves beyond local level * response to common crime is usually on the local level, while terrorism is usually federal * crime is generally for immediate personal gain, while terrorism is to inflict long-term fear to forward on agenda * terrorists often think they are altruists serving a greater cause

Question 28

IMPORTANT TERRORIST THINGS

Answer 28

* the importance of symbols * designed for far reaching psychological effects * designed to achieve maximum attention * Terrorist more likely to see themselves as altruits or serving a greater cause * terrorist more likely to innovate * From this, we can construct a working definition of terrorism * the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence to attain a political, economic, religious or social goal through fear, coercion or intimidation