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Pathophysiology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Test Visualization of the Lungs and Diaphragm during breathing

A

Fluoroscopy

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2
Q

PaO2 =

A

95-100 mm Hg

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3
Q

PaCO2 =

A

35-42 mm Hg

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4
Q

Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection) affects ages:

A

2-12 months

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5
Q

80% of the cases it is caused by the

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

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6
Q

Refers to the clumps of cells and hence its name (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)

A

Syncytia

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7
Q

Predisposing Factors of RSV are:

A

Familiar history of Asthma

Presence of cigarette smoke

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8
Q

Incubation period of Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection) is:

A

1- 4 days

Onset: Gradual

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9
Q

Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection):Diagnostic Tests

A

Rapid assays utilizing antigen capture technology for the detection of RSV antigen
Utilize nasopharyngeal washes, aspirates, and/or swabs
Allow for quick diagnosis
90% sensitivity and specificity
Recommendation: If NEGATIVE RESULTS, confirm by Cell Culture

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10
Q

May be administered to reduce the severity of the infection

A

RSV-Immunoglobulin serum

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11
Q

Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection) Sequelae/Complications:

A

Pneumonia, secondary to bacterial superinfections

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12
Q

Classification of Pneumonia * May be Classified in Three Ways:

A

Origin / Microbiology Etiology
Anatomical Location:
Type

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13
Q

Primary Pneumonia:

A

Results from inhalation of a Pathogen

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14
Q

Secondary Pneumonia:

A

Lung damage from a noxious chemical
Bloodborne Infection
Aspiration Pneumonia results from aspiration of foreign matter:
Vomitus (gastric juice damages the Respiratory Epithelium)
Nasopharyngeal secretions

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15
Q

. Lobar Pneumonia (Pneumococcal Pneumonia Causative Agent:

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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16
Q

Onset: Sudden and acute

A

Lobar Pneumonia

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17
Q

Antibiotics for lobar Pnemonia:

A

Penicillin used to be the drug of choice but its resistance is becoming a concern
Additional drugs: Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Erythromyocin or Vancomycin

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18
Q

Bronchopneumonia Causative Agent:

A

Multiple bacteria as a result of drainage from the Upper Respiratory Tract into the Lungs
Hazard in immobolized patients

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19
Q

Onset of Bronchopneumonia is:

A

Insidious

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20
Q

Signs and Symptoms with bronchopneumonia:

A

Mild fever
Productive cough with Yellow-Green Sputum
Dyspnea

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21
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP) is:

A

Viral: Influenza A or B virus

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22
Q

Most common agent causing PAP is:

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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23
Q

Onset of Interstitial Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP)

A

Variable

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24
Q

Signs and Symptoms of (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP):

A

Variable fever
Headache and aching muscles
Nonproductive hacking cough

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25
Causative Agent for TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
26
At this stage, the individual does not have Active Disease
Primary Tuberculosis - Latent Infection
27
The entire Immune Response takes:
6-8 WEEKS
28
Consist of a clump of Bacilli (bacteria) surrounded by Inflammatory Cells
Tubercle
29
First lesion of Primary Tuberculosis
Ghon's (Complexes) Lesion / Tubercle | Located in the Lung and Lymph Nodes
30
Reactivation May Occur with the:
``` Immunocompromised Elderly with poor nutritional status Insulin-dependent diabetics Long term corticosteroid therapy Other debilitating diseases ```
31
Primary Tuberculosis
Asymptomatic
32
Signs and Symptoms with Secondary / Reinfection (Active) Tuberculosis:
Fatigue, Anorexia and Weight loss Low grade Fever and Night Sweats occur Cough: Productive cough accompanies the more advanced stages
33
Intradermal Injection using a Tuberculin syringe
Mantoux Test
34
Multiple puncture test
Tine Test
35
Positive Test
Will cause a localized thickening (Hard Spot) of the skin within 48-72 hours
36
If erythema occurs without Induration the test is ________
Negative
37
What Confirms the Diagnosis!!!
Sputum Culture
38
Treatment for Active TB is:
for 4 – 9 months if needed depending on sensitivity
39
Most common cause of Lung Cancer
Cigarette Smoking
40
Accounts for 30% of the Bronchogenic Carcinomas
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SLOW)
41
Constitute 20 - 25% of the Bronchogenic Carcinomas
``` Small Cell (Oat Cell) Carcinoma (WORST PROGNOSIS) (VERY FAST RATE OF GROWTH) ```
42
More common in women and nonsmokers
Adenocarcinoma (MODERATE RATE)
43
Constitute 10 - 15% of Bronchogenic Tumors
Large Cell Carcinoma (Undifferentiated) (FAST &EARLY)
44
Secondary Lung Cancer is usually:
Onset is usually Insidious giving little or no warning of its presence
45
PINK PUFFERS
POOR
46
BLUE BLOATERS
GUARDED
47
Type I Hypersensitivity triggered by Allergens Inhale antigens such as dust or pollen … IgE mediated Involves previously
Extrinsic Asthma
48
Present when the patient suffers attacks without evidence of allergic response
Intrinsic Asthma
49
What type of virus is Influenza?
Myxovirus (RNA)
50
What type of influenza is the most prevalent?
Type A
51
Incubation period for influenza is?
1-4 days (Averages for 2 days)
52
Allows adherence | Attaches specifically to a receptor on the host’s cells
Hemagglutinin (H) Spike:
53
Enzyme that assists the entry and exit of Virus into the host’s cells
Neuraminidase (N) Spike
54
Functional projections located on the Envelope of Influenza A virus
Spikes
55
Antigenic changes/mutations which yield new strains of the virus are referred to as ___________
Antigenic Drift
56
An abrupt, major change in the Influenza A viruses, resulting in new Hemagglutinin and/or new Hemagglutinin & Neuraminidase spikes in influenza viruses that infect humans is referred to as:
Antigenic Shift
57
Incubation period for flu is ?
One to four days | Average: 2 Days
58
Signs and symptoms of flu
``` Fever: May be as high as 104* F Not everyone experiences a fever! Severe cough Nasal congestion Dry, scratchy Throat Sore Throat ```
59
What type of onset does lobar pneumonia have?
sudden and acute
60
What treatments would be used for lobar pneumonia?
Penicillin used to be the drug of choice but its resistance is becoming a concern Additional drugs: Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Erythromyocin or Vancomycin
61
Prevention for lobar pneumonia would include:
PCV13 Vaccine
62
Causative agent for bronchopneumonia is?
Multiple bacteria as a result of drainage from the Upper Respiratory Tract into the Lungs
63
The onset of bronchopneumonia is?
Insidious
64
This type of Pneumonia is characterized by patchy inflammatory changes in the Lungs
Interstitial Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP)
65
Causative agent for PAP (Primary Atypical Pneumonia) would be?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
66
What type of pneumonia is referred to as walking pneumonia?
Interstitial Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP)
67
What type of onset does PAP have?
Variable
68
Signs and symptoms of PAP include:
Variable fever Headache and aching muscles Nonproductive hacking cough
69
A slowly developing Bacterial Lung Infection characterized by progressive Necrosis of Lung tissue
Tuberculosis (TB)
70
What is the causative agent for TB?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
71
What is the generation time for slow-growing bacilli
18 hours
72
CB (Chronic Bronchitis- Blue bloaters) | Emphysema- Pink Puffers
.
73
Asthma that is IgE mediated | Triggered by an allergen
Extrinstic
74
How will acute attacks (Extrinsic) respond to bronchidilators?
Well
75
Some difficulty in exhaling air from the Lungs through the narrowed tubes in a partial obstruction
Expiratory wheezing
76
Occurs as the attack progresses and the bronchospasms intensify; more difficult to inspire air
Inspiratory wheezing

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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