Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Where are RBC produced?
A
Red bone Marrow
2
Q
What are RBC responsible for?
A
Contain Hemoglobin and are responsible for transporting Oxygen throughout the body
3
Q
Where do platelets (thrombocytes) originate from?
A
Megakaryocytes in Red Bone Marrow
4
Q
What is the normal range from complete red blood cell count:
A
4.2 – 5.9 million/mm3
5
Q
What is the normal range from complete white blood cell count:
A
4,500 - 10,500/mm3
6
Q
Normal hemoglobin ranges for an adult female are:
A
12-16 g/dl
7
Q
Normal hemoglobin ranges for an adult male are:
A
13.5-18 g/dl
8
Q
Normal Hemocrit ranges for an adult MALE:
A
45-52%
9
Q
Normal Hemocrit ranges for an adult FEMALE:
A
37-48%
10
Q
Decrease in the total Number or Quality of RBCs and/or a Decrease in Hemoglobin
A
Anemias
11
Q
One of the most common Blood Diseases is ____________.
A
Anemias
12
Q
Numbness
“Pins and Needles” sensation
is called ________
A
Paresthesia
13
Q
Decreased regeneration of Epithelial Cells of the Digestive System cause ___________
A
Stomatitis (Ulcers)
14
Q
Anemias are classified by
A
Color and Size
15
Q
RBCs containing an unusually High concentration of Hemoglobin in the Cytoplasm is called:
A
Hyperchromic
16
Q
RBC’s with normal amounts of Hemoglobin is called
A
Normochromic
17
Q
RBCs containing an unusually Low concentration of Hemoglobin in the Cytoplasm is called
A
Hypochromic
18
Q
Iron Deficit May Occur as a Result of:
A
Chronic Bleeding
Malignant lesion
Heavy menstrual flow
Bleeding ulcer: Slow GI bleed which loses Irons stores
19
Q
Abnormal condition characterized by the absence of HCl Acid in the Gastric Juice
A
Achlorhydria
20
Q
___________ interferes with the early digestion of protein in the Stomach and with the absorption of Iron
A
Achlorhydria
21
Q
Can have a negative impact on both Iron absorption and iron storage
Associated protein deficit would further impede Hemoglobin synthesis
A
Severe Liver Disease
22
Q
Ulcers in the oral mucosa are called ___________
A
Stomatitis
23
Q
Inflammation of the tongue is called ___________
A
Glossitis
24
Q
Diagnostic Tests for anemia are:
A
CBC
Transferrin Saturation
Serum Ferritin
25
Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia would be
Ferrous Sulfate
26
The Common form of Megaloblastic Anemia is:
Pernicious Anemia
27
Results from defective Gastric secretion of the Intrinsic Factor
Pernicious Anemia
28
Intrinsic Factor is produced by the
Parietal Cells
29
Pernicious Anemia may be Caused by
Chronic Gastritis
Seen with Alcoholics
Causes Atrophy of the Gastric Mucosa
30
S&S of Pernicious Anemia:
Tongue is typically enlarged, red, sore and shiny
Decrease in Gastric Acid leads to Digestive System discomfort
Nausea & Diarrhea
31
Diagnostic Tests
Decrease in RBC Counts
Decrease in Hematocrit due to decrease in RBCs
CBC
32
Diagnostic Tests
Definite Test for Pernicious Anemia
Utilize radioactive Vitamin B12 for GI absorption after an 8 hour fast
Schilling Test
(Indirectly check the absorption of Vitamin B12 by by measuring the excretion of it from the Kidneys
Collect a 24 hour Urine Specimen)
33
Treatment for Anemia would be: (Acute)
Blood transfusion if Hemoglobin falls below 5 g/dl
34
Reduction of RBCs due to excessive destruction (hemolysis) is called
Hemolytic Anemias
35
Sickle cell Anemia is what type of gene disorder:
Autosomal Recessive Gene Disorder
36
Results in Pulmonary Edema which predisposes the individual to Pneumonia
Congestive Heart Failure
37
Hemophilia A is what type of gene disorder
Sex-linked recessive gene disorder
38
Sickle cell is inherited in what type of individuals
Homozygous Individuals
39
Sickle cell trait is inherited in what type of individuals
Heterozygous Individuals
40
Blood clot forms on the inner wall of a Coronary Artery and causes the obstruction
Thrombus
41
Part of the Thrombus breaks off and flows through the Coronary Artery until it lodges into a smaller branch and results in an occlusion
Embolus
42
Most specific enzyme for MI
CK-MB
43
Variation or loss of normal rhythm of the heartbeat
Cardiac Arrhythmias
44
(1) tPA (Tissue plasminogen activator)
(2) Streptokinase
(3) Urokinase
Would be considered?
Thrombolytic Agents
45
Drugs that are Administered for Pain relief
Analgesics
46
condition in which the pumping ability of the Heart is progressively impaired to the point that it no longer meets the needs of the body
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
47
Leading cause of CHF is called __________
Coronary Artery Disease
48
Increases the work load for the Right Ventricle and eventually Right Ventricle fails
Pulmonary Disease
49
S&S of Left-sided CHF are:
Dyspnea (SOB)
Orthopnea
Hemoptysis
Rales
50
S&S of Right-sided CHF are:
Swollen Legs
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Ascites
51
Excess fluid in the Lungs leads to infections such as Pneumonia
Pulmonary Edema
52
Results from a temporary, localized reduction of Blood flow to the Brain
Transient Ischemic Attacks(TIAs)
53
All neurological signs and symptoms must be resolved in ______
24 hours
54
```
These are all cause by what?
Partial occlusion of an Artery by Atherosclerosis
Small embolus in an Artery
Vascular spasm (Artery)
Local loss of Autoregulation
```
TIAs
55
True or False
| TIAs Serve as a warning of an impending CVA (Stroke)
TRUE
56
Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs) are you referred to as a _________
Stroke
57
Disturbance in cerebral circulation causes a _________
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
58
Onset: Gradual
May be preceded by a TIA
Typically occurs at Rest and is not associated with activity
Thrombotic Stroke
59
Onset: Sudden
Typically, involves a larger area of damage
Usually a second Stroke follows at some point because the source of the emboli continues to exist
Embolic Stroke
60
Stroke caused by a free floating clot
Embolic Stroke
61
Usually caused by Rupture of a Cerebral Artery
| Ruptured Aneurysm
Hemorrhagic Stroke
62
Cerebral Edema concern is within what time frame?
48 – 72 hours
63
May reduce the neurologic deficits or aid in the return of neurologic function after the stroke
Collateral Circulation
64
Occurs initially
| Weakening or loss of muscle tone, reduction of tendon reflexes
Flaccid paralysis
65
Develops several weeks later as the Nervous System begins to recover
Characterized by excessive tone and spasticity of muscles, exaggeration of tendon reflexes
Spastic paralysis
66
Loss of speech or comprehension (Aphasia) occurs where in the brain?
Werniekes area
67
Impairment of speech
| Difficulty in speaking occurs where in the brain?
Broca’s Area
68
Patient can understand both spoken and written language but can’t speak/respond
Expressive Aphasia
69
Can’t express self or comprehend other’s language
Global Aphasia
70
Signs and symptoms of anemia include:
Pale Skin or Pallor (Skin, Mucous Membranes, and Nail Beds)
Brittle Nails
Stomatitis
71
Diagnostic Test for Anemia include:
```
CBC
Bone Marrow
Shilling Test
Transferrin Saturation
Supplement of Iron
Dietary adjustment
```
72
Complications of Anemia include:
Tissue Hypoxia
73
What type of Prognosis does Anemia have?
Good
74
What is the common form of pernicious Anemia?
Megaloblastic Anemia
75
Results from defective Gastric secretion of the Intrinsic Factor. _________
Pernicious Anemia
76
What vitamin is needed for DNA Synthesis?
B12
77
Neurologic affects of Anemia include:
Weakness in extremities
Ataxia
Sensory/Motor issues
78
What is the definite test for Pernicious Anemia?
Schilling Test
79
Hemolytic Anemias may be ____ or ____
Acquired or Inherited
80
What type of gene disorder is Sickle Cell Anemia?
Autosomal Recessive Gene Disorder
81
Heterzygous individuals have what type of disorder?
Sickle Cell trait
82
Signs and Symptoms of sickle cell don't occur until what age?
4-6 months (HbF is replaced by HbF)
83
Diangostic Test for Sickle Cell include?
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
Prenatal Diagnosis
Blood Smear
84
Treatment for sickle cell include:
Antibiotics
Blood Transfusion
Bone Marrow Transplants
Gene Therapy
85
Hemophlia A is what type of disorder?
Sex-linked recessive gene disorder
86
Hemophilia A defect is found on what chromosome?
X (Effects Males Mostly)
87
A Clotting Factor is functionally Inactive
| Platelets are normal
Factor VII
88
Etiology of Leukemia is?
Idiopathic
89
What are the signs and symptoms of Leukemia?
```
WBC counts over 150,000 mm3
Fever
Swollen Lymph nodes
Decrease in RBC and Platelets
Abnormal Bleeding
Pallor
Splenomegaly/Hepatomegaly
Weight Loss
Bone Pain
```
90
Diagnostic Test for Leukemia are
CBC
| Bone Marrow
91
A marker especially for Chronic Myelogenous (Myeloblastic) Leukemia?
Philadelphia Chromosome
92
Philadelphia Chromosome Translocation of a gene segment is on what chromosomes?
#9 and #22
93
The most common cause of Death in all forms of Leukemia is?
Overwhelming Infection
94
Prognosis for Leukemia is?
Poor but Dependent on the type
95
Most common Cancer in Children
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
96
Etiology of MI
Occlusion of one or more of the Coronary Arteries
97
Blood clot forms on the inner wall of a Coronary Artery and causes the obstruction
Thrombus
98
Part of the Thrombus breaks off and flows through the Coronary Artery until it lodges into a smaller branch and results in an occlusion
Embolus
99
Signs and symptoms of MI include:
```
Crushing chest pain
substernal pain
Nausea
Profuse sweating
Hypotension
Weak Pulse
Low grade fever
```
100
Most specific enzyme for MI
| Most Available marker for MI
CK-MB
101
Most common complication of MI is
Cardiac Arrhythmias
102
May develop if the pumping capability of the Left Ventricle is greatly impaired
Cardiogenic Shock
103
Treatment for MI
```
Bedrest
Oxygen therapy
Anticoagulants (Heparin or Warfarin/Coumadin)
Thrombolytic Agents
Anagesics (pain relief)
Stool Softeners
```
104
Leading cause of CHF is
Coronary Artery Disease
105
Right sided CHF caused by pulmonary disease
Cor pumonale
106
Signs of Left-sided Heart Failure:
Dyspnea (SOB)
Orthopnea
Rales
Hemopytsis
107
Signs of Right-sided Heart Failure:
Edema in legs
Hepatomegaly/Splenomegaly
Ascities
108
Diagnostic Procedures for CHF
H&P
Chest X-ray
EKG
Arterial Blood gases
109
Treatment for CHF
Surgical replacement of defective Valves
| Daily ASA or Warfarin
110
Medications used for CHF
Digoxin (Causes heart to beat harder)
111
A systemic Inflammatory Disease affecting the Joints, Heart, CNS (Basal Nuclei/Ganglia,Skin and other Body Tissues
Rheumatic Fever
112
Treatment for Rheumatic Fever
Can't be cured
| Antibiotics treatment
113
Which of the three heart layers are involved in the conduction system
Myocardium
114
Type of stroke that has a gradual onset and typically occurs at rest is?
Thrombotic Stroke
115
Free floating clot with a sudden onset
Embolic Stroke
116
Occlusion of an artery by an Atheroma is the most common cause of what type of stroke?
Thrombotic Stroke
117
Which layer of the heart may interfere with the Conduction System of the Heart and cause Arrhythmias
Myocardium
118
Uncontrolled proliferation of Leukocytes causes ___________
Leukemia
119
Type of leukemia that usually has an Abrupt onset
Acute
120
Type of leukemia that is more common in older adults
Chronic
121
Most frequently reported Secondary Cancer after high doses of chemotherapy
Acute Myelogenous (Myeloblastic) Leukemia (AML)
122
Disease of Adulthood for Chronic Myelogenous (Myeloblastic) Leukemia is
30-50
123
Most common Cancer in Children
| Usually begins between ages 2 and 5 years of age
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
124
Treatment for CLL includes what?
Monitor WBCs, RBCs and Platelets
| Chemotherapy
