Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Involves the study of the functional (physiological) changes in the body that result from disease processes
A
Pathophysiology
2
Q
A deviation from the person’s normal state of health
A
Disease
3
Q
Decrease in Size of cells is called?
A
Atrophy
4
Q
Increase in cell size NOT number is called?
A
Hypertrophy
5
Q
Increased in the number of cells resulting from an increase in Mitosis
A
Hyperplasia
6
Q
Refers to Abnormal Changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells
A
Dysplasia
7
Q
Refers to cells that are Undifferentiated and demonstrate a variation in nuclei and cell structure
A
Anaplasia
8
Q
Commonly referred to as a Tumor and new growth
A
Neoplasia
9
Q
Encompass the tendencies that promote the tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual.
A
Predisposing Factors
10
Q
Designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease.
A
Prophylaxis
11
Q
Refers to the development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in tissue changes related to the specific disease process.
A
Pathogenesis
12
Q
Occurring short term that develops very quickly with marked signs such as fever or pain.
A
Acute
13
Q
Occurring long term and causes permanent tissue damage.
A
Chronic
14
Q
Manifestations of disease are subside in ____________.
A
Remission
15
Q
Signs increase in ___________.
A
Exacerbations
16
Q
A condition that triggers an acute episode such as an seizure in an individual that has an seizure disorder.
A
Precipitating Factors
17
Q
The science in tracking the pattern or occurrence of the disease.
A
Epidemiology
18
Q
Indicates the number of new cases in a given population noted within a stated time period.
A
Incidence
19
Q
The number of new and old or existing cases within a specific population and time period.
A
Prevalence
20
Q
Predicted course and expected outcome
Probability for Recovery
A
Prognosis
21
Q
Disease acquired from a Health Care environment
A
Nosocomial
22
Q
Potential outcome of the Primary Disease
Long Term effects of Disease
A
Sequela
23
Q
Secondary (new) changes / diseases that occur as a result of the Primary Disease
A
Complications
24
Q
What can be done to cure a Disease or relieve the Signs and Symptoms is called?
A
Therapy / Treatment
25
Can't see or measure; Felt by the patient is called __________.
Subjective
26
Can see or measure presence of Disease
Objective
27
Collection of Signs and Symptoms of a Disease that occur together; often affecting more than one organ
Syndrome
28
A disease caused by a treatment, a procedure, or an error
Examples:
Bladder infection following a catheterization
Bone marrow depression secondary to taking a prescribed medication
Latrogenic
29
Largest category of Etiology is called ____________.
Acquired Disease
30
Inability of the cell to maintain Homeostasis in the face of some type of injurious stimuli
Cellular Trauma
31
Produced by microorganisms such as Bacteria during an Infection
Biological Toxins
32
Invasion and multiplication of a Pathogen is called?
Infection
33
Interval of time between the Invasion by a pathogen and the first signs and symptoms of the disease is called?
Incubation Period
34
Time of first Non-specific / General signs and symptoms is called? ex. (Fever,headache)
Prodromal Period
35
During this period the child with Rubeola experiences:
Fever
Respiratory distress
Generalized weakness
Prodromal Period
36
High fever with or without chills may be a common sign during this period, Disease is at peak.
Acute (Acme) Period
37
Signs and symptoms begin to Subside
| ex. The rash fades first from the face and then the body trunk as the period of decline takes place
Period of Decline
38
Regain strength and return to health
| The body returns to normal
Period of Convalescence
39
Body's reaction and interaction with substances that are perceived as foreign
Immunity
40
Foreign (nonself) substances that when encountered by the Immune System elicits a response
Antigen
41
An allergy for which there is a genetic predisposition
| Inherited tendency to develop a certain type of an Allergy, but not the Allergy itself
Atopy
42
Antigen that triggers the reaction is called an ___________.
Allergen
43
A person with an allergy has an inherited ability to produce an abnormally large amount of ___ after an exposure to an Antigen
IgE
44
Mast cells release __________.
Histamine
45
Mitosis
Cells are multiplying and dividing
This is called ___________.
Proliferation
46
Process of Maturation is called _____________.
Differentiation
47
Most common in United States and is responsible for most worldwide HIV infection
HIV-1
48
Transmitted from one person to another by body fluids such as:
Blood or blood products
Semen and vaginal secretions
Transplacentally
Breast milk
49
What is the most common serious complication of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
Kidney Failure
50
What is the first line of defense?
Healthy Skin
51
STDs cause lesions and breaks in the Skin; Allows easier access to _________________.
HIV-infected Lymphocytes
52
What is the second most frequent route of transmission of HIV in the US?
IV Drug Abuse
53
Infants of infected mothers can contract HIV disease during postpartum through __________.
Breastfeeding
54
In utero, transmission has occurred as early as _____________.
15 weeks gestation
55
What are the Prime Target of HIV?
CD4 T Helper Cells
56
Initially complain of Flu-like signs and symptoms which resolve completely in the primary phase is described as what phase?
Phase 1 Latent Phase
57
What Is Meant by the Window Period?
There is a Lag Time or Window before Antibodies to the Virus appear in the Blood
58
How long will it take for antibodies to the Virus appear in the Blood?
It may take anywhere from 2 weeks to 6 months, but averages about 3 – 7 weeks
Earliest, 1 week after exposure, and 99% within 6 months
59
The point at which an infected person develops Antibodies to the Virus and they can be detected in the Blood
Seroconversion
60
No apparent signs and symptoms of the disease is at what phase?
Phase 2. Latent Phase
61
The latent phase can last how long?
Anywhere from 6 months to a median time of 11 years without antiretroviral drugs
62
Final Acute Stage of HIV Infection with rapid viral replication and very low CD4 T Helper Cell counts
Phase 3. AIDS
63
What is frequently the cause of death to AIDS patients?
Fungal infection caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (pneumonia)
64
What causes thrush of the tongue (Candidiasis)?
Candida albicans
65
HIV infected Monocytes become ___________ and release HIV
Macophages
66
Malignant disease involving the Endothelial Cells
| Opportunistic Cancer
Kaposi's Sarcoma
67
Antibodies to HIV appear at variable rates anywhere from?
2 weeks to 6 months, but averages 3 – 7 weeks
68
(confirmation test)
| More sensitive test that looks for Antibodies to specific HIV -1 antigens
Western Blot (WB) Test
69
A subjective response would be:
A symptom
70
A treatment or procedure that may cause a disease is called?
Lathrogenic
71
The term that refers to the cause of a disease is called?
Etiology
72
Signs and symptoms are presented in the disease during what period?
Acute (Acme) period
73
Has not invaded underlying tissue
| Good prognosis with surgical removal
Pre-invasive Stage
74
Refers a malignant process or growth to spread into healthy tissues
Invasive Stage
75
Erythrocytes won't mature anymore, won't change anymore and they have very specific functions
This is the process of ______________
Differentiation
76
With continuous exposure to the Promoter it will cause malignant changes
Progression
77
An objective indication of disease that is obvious to an observer is referred to as a ___________.
Sign
78
A disease that originates or is produced in the body is called:
(Genetics)
Endogenous
79
Term used to identify a factor that triggers an acute episode?
Precipitating factor
80
What is the term that is used to refer to the period of recovery and the resulting return to a normal, healthy state following an illness
Convalescence
81
What is the term that indicates the probability of recovery or likelihood of other health outcomes?
Prognosis
82
The science of tracking the pattern and occurrence of disease is called?
Epidemiology
83
The number of new and old disease cases in a given population at a specific time is called?
Prevalence
84
_____________ is the number of new disease cases in a given population at a specific time.
Incidence
85
______ is the frequency with which a disease appears in a population
Morbidity
86
The manifestations of a disease are best defined as
Signs and symptoms of a disease
87
What are the three essential means whereby a cell can be injured?
1. Cellular Deficiency
2. Cellular Trauma
3. Cellular Intoxication
88
Single most common cause of cellular injury is?
Hypoxic Injury
89
Extreme cold injures cells as a result of ice crystal formation in the water of the cytoplasm
Hypothermia
90
Disease usually involves changes at what level?
1. Organ or System Level (Gross)
| 2. Cellular Level (Microscopic)
91
Invasion and multiplication of a Pathogen is called?
Microbiologic Injury
92
Produced by microorganisms such as Bacteria during an Infection?
Biological Toxins
93
Damaging Effect that results from exposure to a substance that the body cannot tolerate.
Nonbiological (Chemical) Toxins
94
Results when an area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by Bacteria
Gangrene
95
Scientific method of determining and identifying a specific Disease is called an ___________.
Diagnosis
96
What is the definition of a sign?
Objective evidence of a Disease
| Can be seen or measured
97
What is the definition of a symptom?
Subjective
| Can't be seen or measured
98
What are the 5 signs of inflammation?
```
Redness
Swelling
Heat (Warmth)
Pain
Loss of Function
```
99
Largest category of Etiology is ____________
Acquired Disease
100
The interval of time between the Invasion by a pathogen and the first signs and symptoms of the disease
Incubation period
101
What is the incubation period for Rubeola in children?
9-11 days
102
What is the incubation period for Rubeola in Adults?
21 days
103
What are the 4 factors that influence the incubation period?
```
Dose
Generation Time
Virulence
Level of Host resistance
Location of Entry
```
104
The disease is at peak during which period?
Acute (Acme) Period
105
Period of Regaining strength and returning to normal health.
Period of Convalescence
106
Disease is one in which the signs and symptoms are apparent
Clinical Disease
107
Does not cause ANY apparent signs or symptoms, although it may persist over long periods of time
Subclinical Disease
108
What is the Etiology of SLE (Lupus)
Idiopathic
109
Diagnostic procedures for the SLE include:
```
Urinalysis
H&P
ANA
CBC
ESR
```
110
The most common serious complication of SLE is ______________.
Kidney Failure
111
Treatment for SLE include:
Corticosteroids
| NSAIDs
112
What is the major killer of AIDS victims?
Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)
113
Prime target of HIV is?
CD4 T Helper Cells
114
Fungal infection caused by
Pneumocystis jiroveci
115
How is HIV Diagnosed?
ELISA / EIA screen
T2: Western Blot Test
Multispot
p24
116
HIV antibody test are:
ELISA.
EIA
Western Blot
117
Term used to describe a Cell that no longer maintains its Terminally Differentiated state
Transformation
118
Mass of new Cells that grow in haphazard fashion
Neoplasm
| Cells reproduce at an abnormal rate
119
Malignant tumor of epithelial tissue
Carcinoma
120
Malignant tumor of connective tissue
Sarcoma
121
Tumor cells resemble the cell of origin
Retains some specialized functions
-Well differentiated
Grade I
122
Tumor Cells have some of the characteristics of the Cell of origin, but they are starting to become more Different
-Modernly Differentiated
Grade II
123
Tumor Cells are less like the Cell of origin
Very rapid growth
-Poorly Differentiated
Grade III
124
Very Poorly Differentiated
Tumor Cells have no resemblance to the Cells of origin
Great Variation in size and shape
Grade IV
125
Second most common cause of death in the United States
Cardiovascular Disease
126
First common cause of death in US
CVA
127
Seven Warning “Signals” of Cancer are:
CAUTION
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A sore that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thickening or lump in Breast or elsewhere (often painless)
- Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
- Obvious change in a wart or mole
- Nagging cough or hoarseness
128
A male can only inherit a Y Chromosome from the _________
Father
129
Specific Site on a Chromosome for a specific function or trait such as Eye color, Hair color, or Hair type is called _______
Allele
130
Disease that impairs the function of the Exocrine Glands and most importantly involves the Pancreas, Intestine and Bronchi
Cystic Fibrosis
131
A person with Sickle cell Anemia is __________ for the defective Gene
Homozygous
132
Transmission of Genetic Disorders is usually located ____________
On X Chromosome
133
Tumor that is slow growing
| Encapsulated with well defined edges
Benign
134
Non-invasive
| Remain localized & do NOT Metastasize
Benign
135
Tumor that is Differentiated
| Resembles original tissue structure
Benign
136
Tumors that are undifferentiated and fast growing
Malignant
137
In the formation of Sperm and Ovum this number is reduced by half and they contain how many chromosomes?
23
138
Which type of tumor can obstruct the lumen of an organ?
Both (Malignant and Benign)
139
Secondary causes of pain in malignant tumors would be:
Infection
Ischemia
Bleeding
140
Systemic effects of malignant tumors include
```
Generalized weakness / fatigue
Anorexia
Weight loss
Cachexia
Anemia
```
141
Diagnostic test for malignant tumors?
```
CBC
Tumor Markers (Confirms Diagnosis)
```
142
Genes that promote normal growth of Cells are referred to as _____________.
Proto-Oncogenes
143
Genes that Inhibit proliferation of Cells in a Tumor
Tumor Suppressor Genes (Anti-oncogenes)
144
p53 gene is located where?
Chromosome #17
145
What is the process of how cancer is formed in a multi-step process?
```
1. Initiation (DNA Damage)
Exposed to an carcinogen
Irreversible step!
2. Promotion
Initiated cells become cancerous
Loses growth regulation
Promoters are reversible (ex. Stopping the act of smoking)
3. Progression
Continuous exposure of the promoter
Growth rate increases and metastasis occurs
```
146
Treatment of cancer includes
```
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemo
Immunotherapy
Palliative Treatment
```
