Test 3 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Maintaining this includes body temperature, having needed nutrients, salt concentration, fluid composition, and vessel dilation and constriction.
A
Maintaining homeostasis
2
Q
The control of body temperature.
A
Thermoregulation
3
Q
Organisms that maintain their internal temperature on their own.
A
Endotherms.
4
Q
Endotherms need more what?
A
Food.
5
Q
Uses the environment to balance their heat gains and losses.
A
Ectotherms.
6
Q
Ectotherms need less what?
A
Food.
7
Q
These consume to get organic materials (molecules).
A
Heterotrophs
8
Q
These make their own organic molecules.
A
Autotrophs
9
Q
An animal’s what state can affect its metabolic state.
A
Physiological
10
Q
Needed in varied amounts. Organic molecules including cards, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.
A
Macronutrients
11
Q
Needed in small amounts including vitamins and minerals.
A
Micronutrients
12
Q
Nutrition labels base their servings on
A
% daily value or 2000 calorie diet.
13
Q
What is leptin?
A
It tells the body when to stop eating.
14
Q
What is the BMI equation?
A
Weight (kg) over height (m)^2
15
Q
The study of the structure of animal bodies.
A
Anatomy
16
Q
The study of the function of animal bodies.
A
Physiology
17
Q
Cells (based on function) are organized into
A
Tissues
18
Q
Different tissues interact and function as
A
Organs
19
Q
Consists of two or more organs that are physically or functionally joined
A
Organ systems
20
Q
Four types of tissues
A
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
21
Q
Tissues are embedded in a
A
Extracellular matrix
22
Q
Tightly packed cells that coat the body’s internal and external surfaces
A
Epithelial tissue
23
Q
These tissue have one layer of cells
A
Simple
24
Q
These tissue have multiple layers of cells
A
Stratified
25
Tissue with lots of flattened cells. Hardy, can withstand pressure and abrasions
Stratified squamous
26
Tissue that is only one layer thick of flattened cells. Found in the lining of certain blood vessels and allows for certain things to exchange materials, gases to diffuse, nutrients to pass through.
Simple squamous
27
Consists of cells scattered within an extracellular matrix, rather than being connected to one another, that bind other tissues together.
Connective tissue
28
Cartilage is made up of fibers called ____ that allow for strength and flexibility. It is found in ears, nose, and ends of bones where joints meet.
Collagen
29
____ gives structure and stores calcium and phosphorus.
Bone
30
This kind of tissue provides movement.
Muscle tissue
31
This kind of skeletal muscle has repeated patterns.
Straited
32
This kind of skeletal muscle does not have repeated patterns.
Non-straited
33
This kind of muscle tissue is straited and branched, found in the heart, and does involuntary movements.
Cardiac muscle
34
This kind of muscle tissue is not straited. It makes small involuntary movements. Found in small intestine.
Smooth muscle
35
This kind of tissue transmits information and transmits electrical impulses.
Nervous tissue
36
Very few biological functions demonstrate _______ in which the body reactions to a change by amplifying it. Examples of this include blood clotting and kidneys removing acidic H* ions.
Positive feedback
37
The _____ system consists of the skin, consisting of multiple interacting tissue types to maintain homeostasis.
Integumentary
38
How might the loss of large areas of skin disrupt the body's ability to maintain homeostasis?
Vulnerable more to infections, risk of dehydration, decrease vitamin D synthesis, increase risk of hypothermia.
39
List the steps of digestion
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
40
One opening in the digestion tract is known as ____.
Incomplete
41
Two openings in the digestion tract is known as _____.
Complete
42
A complete digestive tract is also known as ____.
GI tract
43
_____ have specialized organs that help break down hard-to-digest plants.
Ruminants. Their organs are the rumen and cecum.
44
Allows for mechanical break-down; begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates.
Mouth
45
Connects mouth with esophagus; routes air to trachea
Pharnyx
46
Pushes food to stomach
Esophagus
47
This type of muscle underlies organs through the digestive system, where rhythmic waves of muscle contraction move food in one direction through the digestive tract.
Smooth muscle
48
Rhythmic waves of muscle constraction
Peristalsis
49
In the stomach ____ continues mechanical digestion while ____ continues chemical; digestion.
Churning, gastric juices
50
Gastric juices include:
Pepsin, mucus, salts, water, hydrochloric acid
51
This prevents water from going through with a mucus layer on top that stops the harsh chemicals from eating away at your stomach.
Epithelial lining
52
Why is the small intestine folded?
Maximize surface area for adsorbing nutrients from food
53
Neutralizes stomach acid through various enzymes (highlighted on April 4 notes to reread.)
Pancreas
54
Stores bile
Gallbladder
55
Produces bile and emulsifies far
Liver
56
If you cannot store bile, you must watch your ___ intake.
Lipid/fat
57
Absorbs water and salts before the remaining undigested food is eliminated as feces.
Large intestine
58
Humans have a very small ___ to break down the cell walls in the plants we eat.
Cecum
59
Made up of nephrons which help filter things out of the blood. What is filtered out is sent to the bladder. It also keeps certain ions and molecules in our system that we want to keep.
Kidneys
60
In descending order, what makes us the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, uretha
61
Capillaries need to stay close to nephrons why?
So secretion and re-absorption can occur.
62
As fluids travel through the tubules of nehprons, water and some other substances are ____ into the blood.
Reabsorbed
63
Blood _____ some substances straight into the tubules.
Secretes
64
_____ is at the end of the tubule which moves fluid toward the urinary bladder.
Collecting duct
65
What hormone regulates kidney function? High levels of this signal the kidneys to decrease water lost in urine.
Antidiuretic hormone
66
Promotes re-absorption of Na+ into the bloodstream.
Aldosterone
67
Nervous system allows for what to take place?
Rapid communication between cells
68
Two types of cells in the nervous system
Neurons and neuroglia
69
Consists of brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
70
Consists of all else that carries stimuli
Peripheral Nervous System
71
Parts of neuron
Dentries, cell body, axon
72
Where impulses jump between gap between nurons
Synapses
73
Picks up stimuli from the peripheral nervous system
Sensory neurons
74
Receive signals from sensory neurons
Interneurons
75
Conducts a message from the CNS to a muscle or gland, stimulating a contraction or secretion
Motor neurons
76
Violently study Action Potential
Yeah
77
Inside the axon is ___ charged. Outside the axon is an abundance of ___ ions.
Negatively, Na+
78
Charge difference across the membrane
Membrane potential
79
When the neuron receives a stimulus, ____ open, allowing ___ ions to trickle into the axon.
Sodium channels, Na+
80
If the membrane potential reaches the threshold, _____.
More sodium channels open
81
When the membrane potential peaks, _____
Sodium channels close and potassium channels open
82
Progression of signals on a never cell
Dendrites, cell body, axon
83
Ion channels are concentrated in the gaps between
Myelin sheath
84
Losing myelin sheath would result in
Action potential transmission slowing down
85
Molecules called ____ move across synapses
Neurotransmitters
86
Glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, epinepherine are the most common types of
Neurotransmitters
87
Insominia is due to deficient
Serotonin
88
Pakinson's is due to deficient
Dopamine
89
Schizophrenia is due to
Deficient FABA and excess dopamine
90
System works to interpret and respond
CNS
91
Gray matter is
Cell bodies and dendrites
92
White matter is
myelinated axons
93
4 lobes of the brain
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
94
Frontal lobe is for
Speech
95
Parietal lobe is for
Touch and taste
96
Temporal lobe is for
Hearing and smell
97
Occipital lobe is for
Vision
98
Fight or flight. Interacts with hormones for this short-term response
Sympathetic
99
Rest and repose. Decreases heart rate and breathing rate and constricts arteries
Parasympathetic
100
Viscus fluid, bone, several layers of meninges tissue, and the blood barrier make up
Protection around the brain
101
Senses all over the body, touch, temperature, pain
General senses
102
Hearing and equilibrium, vision, smell, and taste
Special senses
103
Translating stimuli into electrical signals
Transduction
104
Raw input from the peripheral nervous system
Sensation
105
The brain's interpretation of a sensation
Perception
106
Mechanoreceptors do
pick up physical stimuli
107
Chemoreceptors do
Pick up chaemicals like mouth and nose
108
Photoreceptors do
pick up light
109
Communication biochemicals of the endocrine system
Hormones
110
Each hormone trvels through the body but it only binds to a
Target cell
111
Circulates the bloodstream, but cannot enter the target cell because of fatty acid tails of the cell membrane are phobic to this. Activates a second messenger molecule in the cell, making metabolic events take place.
Water-soluble hormone
112
Can pass through the cell membrane. Enters the cell and binds with a receptor protein in either the cytoplasm or nucleus. Activates transcription of gene, resulting in the production of one or more ew proteins in the cell. New protein triggers hormone's effect on the cell.
Lipid-soluble hormone
113
Control center for other glands
Hypothalamus and pituitary glands
114
Division of pituitary glands
Anterior (make and secretes its own hormones) and posterior (extension of hypothalamus but secretes what hypothalamus makes)
115
What does the hypothalamus do?
Adjusts hormone production based on current levels.
116
Posterior pituitary gland secretes what?
Antidiuretic hormone which regulates amount of water lost in urine
117
Anterior pituitary secretes what?
Endorpine for pain releif and growth hormones for all tissue
118
What does the thyroid gland do?
Secretes calcitonin which decreases amount of calcium in the blood to give to bones
119
What does the parathyroid do?
Opposite of thyroid. Sends calcitonin back to the blood for other functions that need it like muscle contration
120
Structure of adrenal gland
Inner portion is the medulla and outer potion is the cortex
121
What does the adrenal gland secrete?
Epinepherine and norepinephrine for short-term stress reponses. Works with sympathetic nervous system.
122
Pancreas secretes what?
Enzymes that regulate blood glucose levels.
123
Pineal gland produces what?
Melatonin which regulates the sleep-wake cycle. Darkness triggers melatonin synthesis.
