Test 4 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
This gland secretes the antidiuretic hormone, which regulates the amount of water lost in urine. (This gland is an extension of the hypothalamus.)
A
Posterior pituitary
2
Q
This gland makes and secretes endorphines (pain relievers) and growth hormones (for all tissue.)
A
Anterior pituitary
3
Q
Secretes calcitonin, which decreases the amount of calcium in the blood by depositing it in bone.
A
Thyroid
4
Q
Secretes a hormone that does the exact opposite of calcitonin, which is needed for the body to perform other functions such as muscle contraction.
A
Parathyroid
5
Q
Secretes epinepherine and norepinepherine as short-term stress responses. Works with the sympathetic nervous system.
A
Adrenal gland
6
Q
What are the sections of the adrenal gland?
A
The medulla is the inner portion; the cortex is the outer portion.
7
Q
Secretes an enzyme that regulates blood glucose levels, such as insulin and glucagon.
A
Pancreas
8
Q
Produces melatonin which regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
A
Pineal gland
9
Q
Skeleton on the outside, made of chitin.
A
Exoskeleton
10
Q
Skeleton providing internal support. Light weight, but strong and flexible.
A
Endoskeleton
11
Q
Everything ‘down the middle,’ such as the skull, rib cage, and spinal column.
A
Axial skeleton
12
Q
Arms, legs… Includes pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) and pelvic girdle.
A
Appendicular skeleton
13
Q
How many bones do we have?
A
206
14
Q
What exists between bones and inbetween disks of vertebrae?
A
Cartilige
15
Q
How many pairs of ribs do we have?
A
12
16
Q
Cartilage connects ribs to what?
A
Sternum
17
Q
Bone that is solid around the edges.
A
Compact bone
18
Q
Bone that distributes weight and pressure so the bone will not break.
A
Spongy bone
19
Q
The shaft of a long bone consists of a ___
A
Marrow cavity
20
Q
Where red blood cells and platelets are found. As one ages, this changes.
A
Red marrow
21
Q
Does not produce any blood cells, but it can convert back if the body needs to replenish red blood cells.
A
Yellow marrow
22
Q
What are stored in bones?
A
Phosphorous and calcium
23
Q
What proteins give bone flexibility?
A
Elastin and collagen
24
Q
An especially notable role of the skeleton is ___
A
Calcium homeostasis
25
If bone loses more calcium than added, then ___ develops.
Osteoporosis
26
Shows how cartilage amounts in bone decreases as one ages.
Embryonic cartilage model
27
Area where two bones meet
Joint
28
Connect bone to bone
Ligaments
29
Connect muscle to bone
Tendons
30
Describes our control of body openings, maintaining posture, communication, and maintaining body temperature.
Voluntary movements
31
Sections of myofibril that shortens when muscles contract
Sarcomeres
32
What is the order of muscle anatomy?
Muscle, muscle fiber, myofibril, actin subunit
33
A released muscle is not activating any ___
Neurons
34
Study the steps of muscle contraction at a molecular scale. (April 23)
OK
35
Send impulses from the central nervous system to muscle cells
Motor neurons
36
The signal to contract is transmitted across synapses called ___
Neuromuscular junctions
37
The destruction of motor neurons means ___
Muscles will fail to contract (because they do not receive the signals to do so)
38
A resting muscle cell generates ATP in ___
Aerobic respiration
39
Where lactic acid builds up, causing a burning feeling in muscles
Anaerobic respiration
40
When actin cannot separate from myosin, it results in
Rigor mortis
41
Blood is the fluid of the ___
Circulatory system
42
The three major blood vessels
Arteries, veins, and capillaries
43
Blood consists of cells suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix called ___
Plasma
44
Red blood cells carry oxygen to body tissues using ___
Hemoglobin
45
Mostly designed to transport oxygen, originated from red bone marrow, and packed with hemoglobin.
Red blood cells
46
Plasma is mostly ___
Water
47
Alcohol ___ the rate at which blood clotting occurs.
Decreases
48
Has short, open-ended vessels, low pressure.
Open circulatory system
49
Where blood remains in the vessels, high pressure with blood moving fast.
Closed circulatory system
50
A closed circulatory systems has ___ chambers of the heart.
Two
51
An open circulatory system has ___ chambers of the heart.
Four
52
A widespread collection of cells and chemicals that defend the body against infections, cancer, and foreign substances.
Immune system
53
Disease-causing agents
Pathogens
54
Our first line of defense is
Skin
55
Two major subdivisions of the immune system
Innate defenses and adaptive immunity
56
Provides broad defense against any pathogens
Innate defense
57
Immune cells recognize and remember specific pathogens
Adaptive immunity
58
When temperatures get too high, it ___ proteins, fighting off infections.
Denatures
59
___ causes inflammation, dilating blood vessels, causing them to become more permeable.
Histamine
60
___ recruits immune components, which helps clean debris and create an environment hostile to microbes.
Inflammation
61
Types of adaptive immunity
Cell-mediated and humoral
62
The target of an adaptive immune response is ___, a molecule that stimulates an immune reaction by B cells and T cells.
Antigen
63
___ triggers both cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
Microphages
64
Study the processes of adaptive immune responses. (April 27)
OK
65
Because of ___, the secondary immune response is faster and stronger than the first.
Memory cells
66
Stimulates active immunity against a pathogen without causing illness.
Vaccine
67
The gonads of sexually reproducing individuals produce ___
Haploid gametes by meiosis
68
Gametes unite at fertilization, forming ___
Diploid zygote
69
Cell acquiring specialized functions
Differentiation
70
Gene determine the overall shape and structure of an animal's body in a process called ___
Pattern formation
71
Organism spends most of its live in its larval form
Indirect development
72
The immature form looks like a mini version of the adult
Direct development
73
Referred to as the "Master Regulatory Genes" that regulate the formation/placement of specific structures
Homeotic genes
74
Where sperm is produced
Testes
75
Within each testis are tightly coiled ___
Seminiferous tubules.
76
What is produced in the walls of the seminiferous tubules?
Sperm
77
Diploid germ cells divide by meiosis into ___, still diploids.
Spermatocytes
78
Sperm's ___ is on the outside to help it move.
Mitochondria
79
Sperm cells have a cap called an ___ which helps it penetrate the jelly later of the egg.
Acrosome
80
Each mature sperm cells has a ___ nucleus, long flagellum, mitochondria, and a cap-like acrosome.
Haploid
81
In males and females, the hypothalamus secretes ___
GnRH
82
In males and females, the anterior pituitary secretes ___, which in turn stimulates the testes to produce ___
FSH and LN, testosterone
83
Eggs are produced in
Ovaries
84
Eggs are released into the
Uterine tube
85
Each oocyte is arrested in
Prophase I of meiosis
86
Each month, after puberty behins, one primary oocyte completes meiosis I. Each developing oocyte is nestled in a fluid-filled
Follicle
87
Meiosis I yields a secondary oocyte that is released from the ovary, an event called
Ovulation
88
Meiosis I also yields a ___, a haploid cells that contains no cytoplasm.
Polar body
89
If sperm fertilizes the secondary oocyte, ___
Meiosis II completes.
90
FSH and LH stimulates the ___ to secrete ___
Ovaries, progesterone and estrogen
91
The ___ controls oocyte maturation in the ovaries.
Ovarian cycle
92
The follicle turns into ___
Corpus luteum
93
___ prepares the uterus for prgnancy
Menstrual cycle
94
If no pregnancy occurs, then the corpus luteum ___
Degrades
95
Fertilization occurs in
The uterine tube
96
Birth control pills contain synthetic forms of ___
Estrogen and progesterone
97
What are the grouping of birth control?
Barriers and spermicies, hormonal, behavioral, and surgical.
98
Know direction blood moves through the heart. (Google)
OK
99
What are autosomes?
First 22 pairs chromosomes, not including the two that code for sex.
100
Gene's location on a chromosome.
Locus
101
Germ cells are ___ which undergo meiosis to form four genetically identical ___ cells.
Haploid, diploid
102
YY
Homozygous dominate
103
Yy
Heterozygous
104
yy
Homozygouse recessive
105
Some genetic disorders are caused by a defective ___
Dominate alleles
106
Know the product rule.
OK
107
ALS is a disorder in which motor neurons are destroyed. How would this disease affect muscle function?
Muscles fail to contract because they do not receive the signal to do so.
108
Meiosis I also yields a ___, a haploid cell that contains almost no cytoplasm.
Polar body
109
Type of muscle underlies digestive system
Smooth
110
Do humans have trouble digesting plant-based material?
Yes
111
What process does not occur in the nephron?
Elimination
112
What breaks down starch?
Amalayse
113
In the middle of a cycle, a spike in ___ triggers a spike in LH, which cues ovulation.
Estrogen
114
Digestion begins
In the mouth
115
Are gametes produced through mitosis?
No
116
How to endothermic maintain their body temperature?
Internally
117
Order of signals passed down a neruon
Dendrite, cell body, axon
118
Takes calcium from the bone and puts it back into the blood
Parathyroid gland
119
Part of the brain that adjusts hormone production based on current hormone levels
Hypothalamus
120
Review lobes of the brain.
OK
121
Produces hormones that coordinate the action of other endocrine glands
Pituitary and hypothalamus
122
-soluable molecule can pass through the target cell.
Lipid
123
Fluid in semen mostly comes from
Seminal vesicle
124
Corpus lumen produces large amounts of ___, which cues the uterine lining to thicken faster.
Progesterone
125
If a part of one's posterior pituitary gland is removed, what may happen?
Too much water will be lost in urine
126
What part of the adrenal gland produces epinphrine and noepinephrine?
Medulla
127
The sliding filmanet model is an example of
Muscle contraction
128
What are the body's tiniest blood vessels?
Capillaries
129
What prevents food from getting into our airways?
Epiglottis
130
What is considered the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
131
Blood pressure in veins is
Low
132
Sperm production begins with ___ germ cells that reside within the walls of the seminiferous tubules.
Diploid
133
After how many days does the corpus lumens start to break down?
14
134
What is the least effective method of birth control?
Behavioral
135
Respiratory surfaces are
Large in area, make contact with air, and are moist
136
Binding cites are hidden until ___ shows up
Clacium
137
At the end of spermatogensis, the cells are ___
Haploids
138
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Aorta
139
Deliverers oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.
Pulmonary veins
140
Carries oxygenated blood from heart to lungs.
Pulmonary arteries
141
___ carries blood to the hear.
Veins
142
___ carries blood away from the heart.
Arteries
143
Make sure to look at heart from "anatomical position/"someone facing you.
OK
144
The ___ half of the heart receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.
Right
145
The ___ half of the heart receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.
Left
146
___ starts the heartbeat.
SA node
147
Order of blood movement in heart.
Right atrium to right ventrical. Left atrium to left ventrical.
148
Amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute.
Cardiac output
149
As arteries get closer to a capillary bed, they constrict and become known as
Arteriole
150
Only one cell layer thick, allowing water and substances to easily diffuse to body tissue.
Capillaries
151
Blood pressure in these is low, therefore having a thinner layer of smooth muscle. Carries blood to the heart.
Veins
152
Carries blood away from the heart. Has a thick layer of smooth muscle that can withstand high blood pressure.
Arteries
153
Right side always has deoxygenated blood, left side always has oxygenated blood. No matter where the blood is coming from, it always enters the atrium first.
OK
