Test #3

Question 1

Positive energy balance

Answer 1

storage of excess energy (as adipose tissue)

Question 2

direct calorimetry

Answer 2

direct measure of heat released when a food is burned

Question 3

hunger

Answer 3

physiological need for food

Question 4

apetite

Answer 4

amount of food you consume

emotions, stress, illness

Question 5

satiation

Answer 5

stop eating a meal because of signals from inside

Question 6

satiety

Answer 6

fullness and satisfaction, not eating for awhile

Question 7

hypothalamus

Answer 7

hunger, satiation and satiety

CCK- slow digestion

Question 8

Ghrelin

Answer 8

increases appetite

Question 9

leptin

Answer 9

decreases hunger

Question 10

neuropeptide y

Answer 10

hungrier and don’t want to move as much

Question 11

total energy expenditure

Answer 11

physical activity- 20-30%
thermic effect- >5%
BMR- 60-65% (metabolism)
5 variables- gender, height, weight, age and physical activity

Question 12

basal metabolism

Answer 12

amount of energy required to maintain body weight at complete rest

Question 13

physical activity

Answer 13

duration, frequency, intensity

Question 14

BMI ranges

Answer 14

underweight- <18.5
healthy- 18.5-24.9
overweight- 25-29.9
obese- >or equal to 30

Question 15

distribution of fat

Answer 15

more critical than total fat alone

apple vs pear shaped

Question 16

visceral fat

Answer 16

fat in the intra abdominal region

risk for heart attack, stroke and type 2 diabetes

Question 17

Waist circumference

Answer 17

> 35 inches for women

>40 inches for men

Question 18

anorexia

Answer 18

refusal to maintain normal weight

highest death rate of any mental illness

Question 19

bulimia

Answer 19

binge eating followed by purging, tooth decay, calluses and esophageal hemorrhaging

Question 20

Female Athlete Triad

Answer 20

estrogen levels decrease because the body is not getting enough food
ammenohrea- stoppage of the menstrual cycle
causes of this- look/performance

Question 21

lipoprotein lipase

Answer 21

remove triglycerides from blood

Question 22

Adipokines

Answer 22

proteins that help regulate energy balance

Question 23

adiporectin

Answer 23

cardio protective

Question 24

resistin

Answer 24

increases insulin resistance

Question 25

metabolic syndrome

Answer 25

increased risk of stroke and type 2 diabetes | high blood pressure and waist circumference

Question 26

set point theory

Answer 26

body fights to remain at a specific body weight

Question 27

BMI

Answer 27

genetics play a huge roll | appetite and metabolism

Question 28

Energy density

Answer 28

high energy, low nutrients

Question 29

behavior modification

Answer 29

changing the behaviors that contribute to eight gain or impede weight loss food log, trigger foods, avoid stress eating

Question 30

vitamins

Answer 30

organic su stances that are essential to life

Question 31

water soluble

Answer 31

Vitamins B and C | frequent small doses and excreted in urine

Question 32

fat soluble

Answer 32

Vitamins A, D, E, K | no need daily

Question 33

Coenzyme

Answer 33

vitamin+added molecular structure | organic

Question 34

Vitamin B1

Answer 34

``` thiamin- nerve and muscle process coenzyme- TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) -converts pyruvate to acetylene CoA Deficiency- Beriberi -weakness and nerve damage ```

Question 35

Vitamin B2

Answer 35

Riboflavin- direct energy to ETC in TCA cycle Folic Acid is enriched in foods (methyl donors vs methyl acceptors) coenzyme- FAD-FADH

Question 36

Vitamin B3

Answer 36

Niacin-synthesized from tryptophan NAD to NADH Goes directly to ETC (similar to vitamin B2)

Question 37

Vitamin C

Answer 37

protect body from free radical damage reduce oxidative stress Absorbic acid Produces collagen

Question 38

Vitamin B6

Answer 38

movement of nitrogen groups | pyridoxal phosphate

Question 39

Vitamin B12

Answer 39

``` helps build nerve tissue efficiency in absorption and recycling Found in animal food proteins Hydrochloric acid to pepsin to pepsinogen deficiency- pernicious anemia ```

Question 40

Biotin

Answer 40

generates oxaloacetate from pyruvate | prevents ketones from building up during TCA cycle

Question 41

Pantothenic acid

Answer 41

Coenzyme A Produces Acetyle CoA pantos=everywhere (all foods)

Question 42

Pelagra

Answer 42

niacin deficiency | Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

Question 43

Niacin Flush

Answer 43

lower blood cholesterol | skin becomes red

Question 44

Intrinsic Factor

Answer 44

binds in small intestine | helps stomach

Question 45

Folate vs B12

Answer 45

folate isn't recycled while B12 is

Question 46

Folate

Answer 46

maintenance of new cells and to make DNA and RNA found in legumes, grains and vegetables Deficiency- megaloblastic anemia

Question 47

Anemia

Answer 47

less red blood cells | oxygen capacity decreases

Question 48

Spina Bofida

Answer 48

baby does not have feeling in their back

Question 49

antioxidant

Answer 49

inhibit the oxidation of other molecules

Question 50

Free radicals

Answer 50

compounds with unpaired electrons

Question 51

Beta-carotene

Answer 51

precursor to Vitamin A

Question 52

Vitamin A

Answer 52

family of retinoids Retinol- reproduction Retinal- vision Retinoic Acid- growth, cell differentiation, immunity

Question 53

Carotenoids

Answer 53

plant pigment

Question 54

Vitamin A

Answer 54

maintains epithelial cell | skin and mucus membranes (lining)

Question 55

Night Blindness

Answer 55

not enough retinol to recycle rhodopsin

Question 56

xerophthalmia

Answer 56

permanent blindness

Question 57

xerophthalmia

Answer 57

permanent blindness

Question 58

Vitamin D

Answer 58

made in body after the sun is exposed to UV rays from sunlight Deficiencies- rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis

Question 59

kidney

Answer 59

decrease urinary output of Calcium

Question 60

small intestine

Answer 60

vitamind d stimulates ca-binding proteins

Question 61

bone

Answer 61

release of Ca from bon e back into blood

Question 62

Vitamin K

Answer 62

coenzyme (blood clotting process minerals in bones deficiency is rare