Test 3

Question 1

swimming and drag

Answer 1

below water have smaller wake because at closer to surface create actual wake on top of water

Question 2

in swimming wanted position

Answer 2

horizontal to decrease surface area

Question 3

motor neuron axon

Answer 3

axon terminal branching size of axon terminal increases which increases number of action potentials and allows for greater force output

Question 4

electrical signal to

Answer 4

chemical trasmission in gap than electrical again in muscle fiber

Question 5

amplitude on EMG

Answer 5

force output… size motor unit each has own wave

Question 6

frequency in EMG

Answer 6

type of motor unit, firing rate action potentials per second

Question 7

temporal analysis of EMG

Answer 7

look at when certain muscle is active during activity

Question 8

larger motor unit

Answer 8

more amplitude

Question 9

each wave

Answer 9

for one motor unit (each has distinct pattern)

Question 10

as velocity increases

Answer 10

force decreases because less crossbriding, myosin heads have trouble connecting sarcomeres are shortening so fast

Question 11

as muscle shortening

Answer 11

faster and faster cross briding wont be able to occur so force decreases

Question 12

concentric

Answer 12

requires ATP detachment of myosin

Question 13

eccentric

Answer 13

generate more force, lengthening myosin attaches, pulls away, attaches use more force b/c dont use ATP as much

Question 14

shoulder injuries

Answer 14

dislocated, supraspinatus tear/sprain and rotator cuff tears, torn glenoid labrum, cartilage degneration, bone spurs, acromioclivular seperation, shoulder impingement

Question 15

elbow injuries

Answer 15

radial head disloaction, tendonitis (tennis elbow), ulnar neurtitis (shooting/tingling pain)

Question 16

knee injuries

Answer 16

ACL injury/tear, PCL, LCL, MCL, menisci, platella fracture/lateral

Question 17

ankle injuries

Answer 17

fracture, acleis tendon, sprain

Question 18

wrist injuries

Answer 18

fracture, carpal tunnel, DIP, schapoid fracture

Question 19

spine injuries

Answer 19

herniated disc, fracture verterbal body (compression)

Question 20

curve needed in spine

Answer 20

to be kept when lifting because rounding back adds extra compression

Question 21

relate to back injury

Answer 21

muscle strength and previous injury status

Question 22

angle attach results in stall

Answer 22

positive angle attach causes stall and less horizontal displacement

Question 23

center of gravity of an object attitude angle

Answer 23

can adjust around center of mass and change angle

Question 24

form drag

Answer 24

cross sectional area front

Question 25

wake drag

Answer 25

behind object

Question 26

surface drag

Answer 26

other pressures like going too deep compressed in on the surface of body

Question 27

optimal depth for swimming underwater

Answer 27

0.4 meters

Question 28

dolphins skin

Answer 28

small wave patterns and cause turbulence in boundary layer so have less wake

Question 29

calculate angle attack

Answer 29

angle attitude minus angle projection

Question 30

draft in bicycle

Answer 30

get into someones wake put in less force

Question 31

where should EMG electrode placed

Answer 31

center of muscle belly when contracted dont want it over motor point

Question 32

integrated EMG

Answer 32

area under curve mV*s

Question 33

avg IEMG

Answer 33

area under curve/time muscle active= mV

Question 34

squat depth ACL force

Answer 34

forces highest at shallow

Question 35

squat depth PCL force

Answer 35

highest at medium low shallow, high medium, drops back at deep

Question 36

females more prone ACL injury

Answer 36

tend to land with knees in valgose

Question 37

signal in motor unit

Answer 37

neurotransmeter axon terminal to muscle as chemical signal, neurotransmeter across space then bind to receptors on muscle and they feed back to sodium channels

Question 38

inside SR in muscle

Answer 38

action potential releases calcium into cytoplasm

Question 39

calcium bind

Answer 39

to tropinon complex exposing myosin head allowing cross bridging

Question 40

strength training and axon

Answer 40

axon terminal and muscle the terminal increases, space increases, more neurotransmitters

Question 41

as exhaust force output

Answer 41

goes down, median shifts in EMG to left b/c starts use slow twitch and decrease use fast twitch

Question 42

action potential

Answer 42

electrical signal change ion distribution across membrane

Question 43

action potential explained

Answer 43

make inside more positive than at rest sodium flow into slow, hit threshold mass influx sodium into cell b/c Na+ all open (signal occurs)... all way back baseline Na+ out, K back in by Na+/K pump (requires ATP)... now take back to rest by potassum channels open passive diffusion to outside