Test 3 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
collagen
A
extracellular structural protein
2
Q
blastula
A
early embryonic stage (hallowed ball of cells)
3
Q
gastrula
A
blastula folds inward
4
Q
endoderm
A
the innermost of three embryonic cell layers in a gastrula; gives rise to the innermost linings of the digestive tract and other hollow organs in the adult.
5
Q
ectoderm
A
the outer cell layer that gives rise tot he to the out covering in animals and in some phyla to the nervous system.
6
Q
mesoderm
A
the third embryonic layer that forms the muscles and most internal organs.
7
Q
homeotic genes
A
a master control gene that determines the identity if a body structure of a developing organism, presumably by controlling the developing fate of a group of cells.
8
Q
metamorphosis
A
the transformation of a larva into an adult
9
Q
larva
A
a free-living sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.
10
Q
in order list the development of a sea star
A
sperm + egg, zygote, blastula, early gastrula, later gastrula (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), larva, metamorphosis
11
Q
protostomes
A
the first opening that forms during gastrulation becomes the mouth.
12
Q
deuterostomes
A
this opening becomes the anus and the mouth forms from a second opening.
13
Q
body captivity or coelom
A
a fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall in which the internal organs are suspended.
14
Q
eumetazoans
A
animals with tissue
15
Q
bilateria
A
animals with bilateral symmetry
16
Q
lophotrochozoan
A
the lineage of bilateria includes flatworms, molluscs, and annelids. (protostome)
17
Q
ecdysozoans
A
include arthropods and nematodes. which have external skeletons that must shed for the animal to grow. (ecdysis) (protostome)
18
Q
ecdysis
A
the shedding prosses (ecdysozoans)
19
Q
deuterostomia
A
echinoderms and chordates. (deuterostome)
20
Q
the nine major animal phyla
A
sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, mollusks, annelids, nematodes, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates.
21
Q
sponges
A
- simplest
- no muscle or nerves
- two cell layers (choanocytes + amoebocytes)
- suspension feeders
- sessile
22
Q
choanocytes
A
the inner layer of cells consists of flagellated “collar” cells, which help to sweep the water through the sponge’s body.
23
Q
amoebocytes
A
wander through the middle body region, produces supportive skeletal fibers composed of a flexible protein called spongin and mineralized particles called spicules.
24
Q
spicules
A
mineralized particles
25
spongin
flexible proteins
26
suspension feeders
animals that collect food particles from water passed through some type of food-trapping equipment.
27
cnidaria includes...
hydras, sea anemones, corals, and jellies
28
cnidarians
- radial symmetry
- two tissue layers (inner cell layers of digestive tract + --outer epidermis)
- scattered amoeboid cells (middle region)
- contractile tissue + nerves (simplest forms)
- carnivores
29
cnidarians exhibit two kinds of radical symmetry body forms. _____, _______ and _____
hydra, sea anemones and medusa
30
polyp
cylindrical body with tentacles projecting from one end. (hydra and sea anemones) (stationary) (freshwaters (lake and ponds)) (mouth on top)
31
medusa
shaped like an umbrella with a fringe of tentacles around the lower edge. (marine) (move freely) (some can have a polyp stage) (mouth bottom)
32
gastrovascular cavity
a central compartment with a single opening, the mouth; functions in both digestion and nutrient distribution and may also function in circulation, body support, waste disposal, and gas exchange.
33
cnidocytes
stinging cells
34
Platyhelminthes
- flatworms
- three tissue layers
- lack body cavity
- gastrovascular cavity
- three major groups
35
planarians or free-living flatworms
- head with a pair of light-sensitive eyecups
- live in ponds + streams and undersurface of rock
- a flap at each side that detects chemicals
- dense clusters of nerve cells form a simple brain
- a pair of nerve cords connect with small nerves that branch throughout the body
- mouth sucks food midventral
36
flukes
- parasite in animals
| - complex life cycles
37
tapeworms
- parasitic
- inhabit digestive tracts
- long, ribbon-like body with repeated units
- scolex = anterior end (face) armed with hooks and suckers
- have no digestive tract (absorb nutrients)
38
three type of flat worms are ____, ______, and _____
free-living, flukes, and tapeworms
39
nematodes or roundworms
- an embryo with three tissue layers
- fluid-filled body cavity
- digestive tract with two openings
- cuticle
- ecdysozoans
40
cuticle
several layers of tough, nonliving, material that covers the body and prevents the nematode from drying out.
41
mollusks include
snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids.
42
mollusks
- soft body with a hard shell
- foot
- visceral mass
- mantle
- radula
- separate sexs
- body cavity
- circulatory system some have opened circulatory systems
43
muscular foot
for locomotion
44
visceral mass
containing most of the internal organs
45
mantle
a fold tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell in mollusks such as clams
46
radula
used to scrape up food
47
trochophore
ciliated larva mollusk
48
the most diverse clade of mollusks are.....
gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods
49
gastropods
- largest group
- freshwater, saltwater, TERRESTRIAL
- no gills in some = lining of the mantle is like lungs
- snails and slugs
50
bivalves
- two shell connected with hinges
- suspension feeders
- living in sand or mud (seafloor)
- secrete thread for attachments.
- uses foot for digging
- clams, scallops, and oysters
51
cephalopods
- internal shells
- uses mantle for movement
- have beak
- Squidward and octopus
52
Annelida
- segmented bodies
- closed circulatory systems
- longitudinal and circular muscles
- 4 pairs for stiff bristles
- hermaphrodites
53
segmentation
the subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts.
54
hermaphrodites
to have both xx and xy sex organs
55
to clades of annelida
errantains and sedentarians
56
errantains
- active and free moving
- marine
- appendages are richly supplied with blood vessels
57
sedentarians
--earthworms, tube dwellers, leeches
58
arthropods
- crayfish lobsters crabs barnacles spider ticks and insects
- appendages= sensory reception, defense, feeding, walking, and swimming
- exoskeleton (protein +chitin)
- ecdysis
- head, thorax, abdomen
- open circulatory system
59
cephalothorax
thorax and head combined
60
three groups of arthropods
chelicerates, mytiapods, pancrustanceans
61
chelicerates
- clawlike appendages for feeding
- cephalothorax and abdomen
- no antennae
- arachnid
62
arachnid
scorpions, spiders, spiders, ticks, and mite
63
myriapods
centipedes and millipedes
64
incrustations
lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles crayfish
65
insects
- body segmentation
- exoskeleton
- joined appendages
- flight
- waterproof cuticle
- complex life cycle
66
echinoderms include
sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins
67
echinoderms
- slow-moving or sessile
- endoskeleton
- prickly bumps and spines
- water vascular system
- tube feet
68
Chordata
- dorsal, hollow nerve cord
- notochord
- pharyngeal slits
- postanal tail
- lancelet and tunicate
- sometimes segmentation
69
lancelet
- segmentation
- cilia for drawing water
- traps food particles using mucus
- small bladelike
- 4 Chordata features
- invertebrate
- first chordate linage
70
tunicate
- one Chordata feature (pharyngeal slits)
- when tadpole, 4 Chordata features
- suspension eaters
- invertebrate
71
pharyngeal slit
a gill structure in the pharynx; found in chordate embryos and some adult chordates.
72
postanal tail
a tail posterior to the anus; found in chordates embryos and most adult chordates
73
notochord
a flexible cartilage-like longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and nerve cord in chordate animals; present only in embryos in many species.
74
major clades of chordates
lancelets, tunicates, hagfish, lamprey, shark and ray, ray-finned fish, lobe0fins, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
75
characters of chordates clades
chordates, vertebrates, jawed vertebrates, tetrapods, and amniotes
76
tetrapods
lawed vertebrates with two pairs of limbs
77
amniotes
tetrapods with terrestrially adapted eggs.
78
Hagfishes and lamprey
- notochord
- lamprey larva resembles lancelets
- lamprey are suspension feeders
- most lampreys are parasites
79
jawed vertebrates
- sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe fish
- theory of pharyngeal slits became jaw hinges
- chondrichthyans, ray-finned fish- and lobe-finned fish.
80
chondrichthyans
- sharks and rays
- cartilage bones
- lateral line system
81
lateral line system
a row of sensory organs along each side of a fish's body that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. it enables a fish to detect minor vibrations in the water
82
ray-finned fish
- tuna, trout, goldfishes
- have real bone
- operculum
- swim bladder
83
operculum
a protective flap covering the chamber housing the gills
84
swimbladder
a gas-filled sac that keeps them buoyant
85
lobe-finned fishes
- rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins
- lungfish, coelacanth, and tetrapods
86
amphibians
- salamanders, frogs, caecilians
| - frogs= metamorphosis
87
reptiles
- amniotic egg
- lizards, turtles, birds
- waterproof scales made of the tough protein keratin
- coldblooded
- ectodermic
88
amnion
fluid-filled sac surrounding the embryo
89
albumen
egg whites = more nutrition
90
chorion and allantois
endable the embryo to obtain oxygen from the air for aerobic respiration and dispose of co2. allantois = disposal of waste
91
birds
- fly
- endothermic
- four heart chamber
- efficient lungs and heart
92
mammals
- hair, milk
- endothermic
- four heart chamber
- efficient lungs and heart
- monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians
93
monotremes
- platypus and echidas
| - eggs
94
marsupials
-kangaroos
95
eutherians
- placental mammals
| - amniotic sac
96
anthropoids
ape and monkeys
97
hominins
species closely related to humans
98
bipedal
walk up right
99
gonads
the organ that produces gametes, both in male and female
100
ovaries
a women's gonads
101
follicles
each consisting of one developing egg cell surround by cells that nourish and protect it
102
ovulation
starting at puberty, one follicle releases an immature egg cell about every 28 days.
103
corpus luteum
after ovulation, what remains of the follicle grows within the ovary to form a mass of endocrine tissue
104
progesterone
a hormone that helps maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy
105
oviduct/ fallopian tube
the tube thing; does not touch the ovary
106
uterus
- the thick muscular wall
- inner lining endmetrium
- womb
107
embryo
8 weeks
108
fetus
8 + weeks
109
ectopic pregnancy
embryo plants somewhere else [uterus]
110
tubal pregnancies
embryo plant in the oviduct
111
cervix
the narrow neck at the bottom of the uterus which opens into the vagina
112
vagina
a thin-walled but strong muscular chamber that serves as the birth canal through which the baby is born
113
vulva
collective term for the female genitalia
114
urethra
the tube through which urine is excreted
115
labia minora
are slender pair of skin folds, border the openings
116
labia majora
a pair of the thick, fatty ridge, protect the vaginal opening.
117
hymen
a thin piece of tissue that covers the vaginal opening
118
clitoris
- shaft
- prepuce
- glans (erectile tissue)
119
shaft
supports a rounded glans
120
glans
has an enormous number of nerve ending
121
prepuce
a small hood that covers the glans
122
testes
male gonads
123
scrotum
[testes] housed outside the abdominal captivity in a sac
124
testicle
testes in the scrotum
125
epididymis
a coiled tube that stores the sperm while they continue to develop
126
vas deferens
passes upward into the abdominal and loops around the urinary bladder
127
two seminal vesicles
secrete a think fluid that contains mucus and the sugar fructose, which provides most of the energy used by the sperm.
128
prostate gland
secretes a thin milky fluid that further nourishes the sperm.
129
two bulbourethral glands
secrete a clear alkaline mucus, before ejaculation and may carry sperm
130
semen
sperm + glands fluid
131
penis
consists mainly of cylinders of erectile tissue
132
foreskin
cover the glans (male)
133
impotence
inability to erection
134
follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh)
increases sperm production
135
luteinizing hormone (lh)
the anterior pituitary gland, promotes the secretion of androgens, main testosterone
136
spermatogenesis
formation and development of sperm
137
seminiferous tubules
sperm develop inside that testes in coiled tubes called...
138
oogenesis
the development of a mature egg
139
ovarian cycle
controls oogenesis, the growth and release of an egg.
140
menstrual cycle
the uterus is prepared for possible implantation of an embryo
141
acrosome
contains an enzyme that helps the sperm penetrate the egg
142
eggs three coats
jelly coat, glycoproteins (vitelline layer), plasma membrane
143
cleavage
after zygote before the blastula
144
blastocoel
forms in the center of the embryo, a fluid-filled cavity
145
vegetal pole
bigger than animal pole
146
animal pole
smaller than vegetal pole
147
blastopore
a groove that appears on one side of the blastula
148
natural tube
future brain
149
somites
blocks of mesoderm that will give rise to segmental structures
150
induction
one group of cells influences the development of an adjacent group of cells
151
apoptosis
the timely and programmed suicide of cells
152
homeoboxes
60 amino acids and 180 nucleotides
153
gestation
pregnancy
154
conception
fertilization
155
a human blastocyst has....
a fluid-filled, inner cell mass that will form the embryo, and an outer layer of cells called trophoblast
156
trophoblast
an outer layer of cells that secrete an enzyme the enables the blastocyst to implant in the endometrium. eventually will form part of the placenta.
157
extraembryonic membranes
develop attachments to the embryo and help support it
158
chorionic villi
moms blood vessels to baby
159
colostrum
rich protein and antibodies
160
endometrium
the inner liner lining of the uterus in mammals, richly supplied with blood vessels that provide the maternal part of the placenta. and nourish the developing embryo.
161
placenta
in most animals, the organs that provide and oxygen to the embryo and help dispose of its metabolic wastes
