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Biology II > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

collagen

A

extracellular structural protein

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2
Q

blastula

A

early embryonic stage (hallowed ball of cells)

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3
Q

gastrula

A

blastula folds inward

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4
Q

endoderm

A

the innermost of three embryonic cell layers in a gastrula; gives rise to the innermost linings of the digestive tract and other hollow organs in the adult.

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5
Q

ectoderm

A

the outer cell layer that gives rise tot he to the out covering in animals and in some phyla to the nervous system.

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6
Q

mesoderm

A

the third embryonic layer that forms the muscles and most internal organs.

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7
Q

homeotic genes

A

a master control gene that determines the identity if a body structure of a developing organism, presumably by controlling the developing fate of a group of cells.

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8
Q

metamorphosis

A

the transformation of a larva into an adult

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9
Q

larva

A

a free-living sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.

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10
Q

in order list the development of a sea star

A

sperm + egg, zygote, blastula, early gastrula, later gastrula (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), larva, metamorphosis

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11
Q

protostomes

A

the first opening that forms during gastrulation becomes the mouth.

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12
Q

deuterostomes

A

this opening becomes the anus and the mouth forms from a second opening.

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13
Q

body captivity or coelom

A

a fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall in which the internal organs are suspended.

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14
Q

eumetazoans

A

animals with tissue

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15
Q

bilateria

A

animals with bilateral symmetry

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16
Q

lophotrochozoan

A

the lineage of bilateria includes flatworms, molluscs, and annelids. (protostome)

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17
Q

ecdysozoans

A

include arthropods and nematodes. which have external skeletons that must shed for the animal to grow. (ecdysis) (protostome)

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18
Q

ecdysis

A

the shedding prosses (ecdysozoans)

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19
Q

deuterostomia

A

echinoderms and chordates. (deuterostome)

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20
Q

the nine major animal phyla

A

sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, mollusks, annelids, nematodes, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates.

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21
Q

sponges

A
  • simplest
  • no muscle or nerves
  • two cell layers (choanocytes + amoebocytes)
  • suspension feeders
  • sessile
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22
Q

choanocytes

A

the inner layer of cells consists of flagellated “collar” cells, which help to sweep the water through the sponge’s body.

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23
Q

amoebocytes

A

wander through the middle body region, produces supportive skeletal fibers composed of a flexible protein called spongin and mineralized particles called spicules.

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24
Q

spicules

A

mineralized particles

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25
Q

spongin

A

flexible proteins

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26
Q

suspension feeders

A

animals that collect food particles from water passed through some type of food-trapping equipment.

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27
Q

cnidaria includes…

A

hydras, sea anemones, corals, and jellies

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28
Q

cnidarians

A
  • radial symmetry
  • two tissue layers (inner cell layers of digestive tract + –outer epidermis)
  • scattered amoeboid cells (middle region)
  • contractile tissue + nerves (simplest forms)
  • carnivores
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29
Q

cnidarians exhibit two kinds of radical symmetry body forms. _____, _______ and _____

A

hydra, sea anemones and medusa

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30
Q

polyp

A

cylindrical body with tentacles projecting from one end. (hydra and sea anemones) (stationary) (freshwaters (lake and ponds)) (mouth on top)

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31
Q

medusa

A

shaped like an umbrella with a fringe of tentacles around the lower edge. (marine) (move freely) (some can have a polyp stage) (mouth bottom)

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32
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

a central compartment with a single opening, the mouth; functions in both digestion and nutrient distribution and may also function in circulation, body support, waste disposal, and gas exchange.

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33
Q

cnidocytes

A

stinging cells

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34
Q

Platyhelminthes

A
  • flatworms
  • three tissue layers
  • lack body cavity
  • gastrovascular cavity
  • three major groups
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35
Q

planarians or free-living flatworms

A
  • head with a pair of light-sensitive eyecups
  • live in ponds + streams and undersurface of rock
  • a flap at each side that detects chemicals
  • dense clusters of nerve cells form a simple brain
  • a pair of nerve cords connect with small nerves that branch throughout the body
  • mouth sucks food midventral
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36
Q

flukes

A
  • parasite in animals

- complex life cycles

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37
Q

tapeworms

A
  • parasitic
  • inhabit digestive tracts
  • long, ribbon-like body with repeated units
  • scolex = anterior end (face) armed with hooks and suckers
  • have no digestive tract (absorb nutrients)
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38
Q

three type of flat worms are ____, ______, and _____

A

free-living, flukes, and tapeworms

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39
Q

nematodes or roundworms

A
  • an embryo with three tissue layers
  • fluid-filled body cavity
  • digestive tract with two openings
  • cuticle
  • ecdysozoans
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40
Q

cuticle

A

several layers of tough, nonliving, material that covers the body and prevents the nematode from drying out.

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41
Q

mollusks include

A

snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids.

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42
Q

mollusks

A
  • soft body with a hard shell
  • foot
  • visceral mass
  • mantle
  • radula
  • separate sexs
  • body cavity
  • circulatory system some have opened circulatory systems
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43
Q

muscular foot

A

for locomotion

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44
Q

visceral mass

A

containing most of the internal organs

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45
Q

mantle

A

a fold tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell in mollusks such as clams

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46
Q

radula

A

used to scrape up food

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47
Q

trochophore

A

ciliated larva mollusk

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48
Q

the most diverse clade of mollusks are…..

A

gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods

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49
Q

gastropods

A
  • largest group
  • freshwater, saltwater, TERRESTRIAL
  • no gills in some = lining of the mantle is like lungs
  • snails and slugs
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50
Q

bivalves

A
  • two shell connected with hinges
  • suspension feeders
  • living in sand or mud (seafloor)
  • secrete thread for attachments.
  • uses foot for digging
  • clams, scallops, and oysters
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51
Q

cephalopods

A
  • internal shells
  • uses mantle for movement
  • have beak
  • Squidward and octopus
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52
Q

Annelida

A
  • segmented bodies
  • closed circulatory systems
  • longitudinal and circular muscles
  • 4 pairs for stiff bristles
  • hermaphrodites
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53
Q

segmentation

A

the subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts.

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54
Q

hermaphrodites

A

to have both xx and xy sex organs

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55
Q

to clades of annelida

A

errantains and sedentarians

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56
Q

errantains

A
  • active and free moving
  • marine
  • appendages are richly supplied with blood vessels
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57
Q

sedentarians

A

–earthworms, tube dwellers, leeches

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58
Q

arthropods

A
  • crayfish lobsters crabs barnacles spider ticks and insects
  • appendages= sensory reception, defense, feeding, walking, and swimming
  • exoskeleton (protein +chitin)
  • ecdysis
  • head, thorax, abdomen
  • open circulatory system
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59
Q

cephalothorax

A

thorax and head combined

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60
Q

three groups of arthropods

A

chelicerates, mytiapods, pancrustanceans

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61
Q

chelicerates

A
  • clawlike appendages for feeding
  • cephalothorax and abdomen
  • no antennae
  • arachnid
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62
Q

arachnid

A

scorpions, spiders, spiders, ticks, and mite

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63
Q

myriapods

A

centipedes and millipedes

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64
Q

incrustations

A

lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles crayfish

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65
Q

insects

A
  • body segmentation
  • exoskeleton
  • joined appendages
  • flight
  • waterproof cuticle
  • complex life cycle
66
Q

echinoderms include

A

sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins

67
Q

echinoderms

A
  • slow-moving or sessile
  • endoskeleton
  • prickly bumps and spines
  • water vascular system
  • tube feet
68
Q

Chordata

A
  • dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • notochord
  • pharyngeal slits
  • postanal tail
  • lancelet and tunicate
  • sometimes segmentation
69
Q

lancelet

A
  • segmentation
  • cilia for drawing water
  • traps food particles using mucus
  • small bladelike
  • 4 Chordata features
  • invertebrate
  • first chordate linage
70
Q

tunicate

A
  • one Chordata feature (pharyngeal slits)
  • when tadpole, 4 Chordata features
  • suspension eaters
  • invertebrate
71
Q

pharyngeal slit

A

a gill structure in the pharynx; found in chordate embryos and some adult chordates.

72
Q

postanal tail

A

a tail posterior to the anus; found in chordates embryos and most adult chordates

73
Q

notochord

A

a flexible cartilage-like longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and nerve cord in chordate animals; present only in embryos in many species.

74
Q

major clades of chordates

A

lancelets, tunicates, hagfish, lamprey, shark and ray, ray-finned fish, lobe0fins, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

75
Q

characters of chordates clades

A

chordates, vertebrates, jawed vertebrates, tetrapods, and amniotes

76
Q

tetrapods

A

lawed vertebrates with two pairs of limbs

77
Q

amniotes

A

tetrapods with terrestrially adapted eggs.

78
Q

Hagfishes and lamprey

A
  • notochord
  • lamprey larva resembles lancelets
  • lamprey are suspension feeders
  • most lampreys are parasites
79
Q

jawed vertebrates

A
  • sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe fish
  • theory of pharyngeal slits became jaw hinges
  • chondrichthyans, ray-finned fish- and lobe-finned fish.
80
Q

chondrichthyans

A
  • sharks and rays
  • cartilage bones
  • lateral line system
81
Q

lateral line system

A

a row of sensory organs along each side of a fish’s body that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. it enables a fish to detect minor vibrations in the water

82
Q

ray-finned fish

A
  • tuna, trout, goldfishes
  • have real bone
  • operculum
  • swim bladder
83
Q

operculum

A

a protective flap covering the chamber housing the gills

84
Q

swimbladder

A

a gas-filled sac that keeps them buoyant

85
Q

lobe-finned fishes

A
  • rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins
  • lungfish, coelacanth, and tetrapods
86
Q

amphibians

A
  • salamanders, frogs, caecilians

- frogs= metamorphosis

87
Q

reptiles

A
  • amniotic egg
  • lizards, turtles, birds
  • waterproof scales made of the tough protein keratin
  • coldblooded
  • ectodermic
88
Q

amnion

A

fluid-filled sac surrounding the embryo

89
Q

albumen

A

egg whites = more nutrition

90
Q

chorion and allantois

A

endable the embryo to obtain oxygen from the air for aerobic respiration and dispose of co2. allantois = disposal of waste

91
Q

birds

A
  • fly
  • endothermic
  • four heart chamber
  • efficient lungs and heart
92
Q

mammals

A
  • hair, milk
  • endothermic
  • four heart chamber
  • efficient lungs and heart
  • monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians
93
Q

monotremes

A
  • platypus and echidas

- eggs

94
Q

marsupials

A

-kangaroos

95
Q

eutherians

A
  • placental mammals

- amniotic sac

96
Q

anthropoids

A

ape and monkeys

97
Q

hominins

A

species closely related to humans

98
Q

bipedal

A

walk up right

99
Q

gonads

A

the organ that produces gametes, both in male and female

100
Q

ovaries

A

a women’s gonads

101
Q

follicles

A

each consisting of one developing egg cell surround by cells that nourish and protect it

102
Q

ovulation

A

starting at puberty, one follicle releases an immature egg cell about every 28 days.

103
Q

corpus luteum

A

after ovulation, what remains of the follicle grows within the ovary to form a mass of endocrine tissue

104
Q

progesterone

A

a hormone that helps maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy

105
Q

oviduct/ fallopian tube

A

the tube thing; does not touch the ovary

106
Q

uterus

A
  • the thick muscular wall
  • inner lining endmetrium
  • womb
107
Q

embryo

A

8 weeks

108
Q

fetus

A

8 + weeks

109
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

embryo plants somewhere else [uterus]

110
Q

tubal pregnancies

A

embryo plant in the oviduct

111
Q

cervix

A

the narrow neck at the bottom of the uterus which opens into the vagina

112
Q

vagina

A

a thin-walled but strong muscular chamber that serves as the birth canal through which the baby is born

113
Q

vulva

A

collective term for the female genitalia

114
Q

urethra

A

the tube through which urine is excreted

115
Q

labia minora

A

are slender pair of skin folds, border the openings

116
Q

labia majora

A

a pair of the thick, fatty ridge, protect the vaginal opening.

117
Q

hymen

A

a thin piece of tissue that covers the vaginal opening

118
Q

clitoris

A
  • shaft
  • prepuce
  • glans (erectile tissue)
119
Q

shaft

A

supports a rounded glans

120
Q

glans

A

has an enormous number of nerve ending

121
Q

prepuce

A

a small hood that covers the glans

122
Q

testes

A

male gonads

123
Q

scrotum

A

[testes] housed outside the abdominal captivity in a sac

124
Q

testicle

A

testes in the scrotum

125
Q

epididymis

A

a coiled tube that stores the sperm while they continue to develop

126
Q

vas deferens

A

passes upward into the abdominal and loops around the urinary bladder

127
Q

two seminal vesicles

A

secrete a think fluid that contains mucus and the sugar fructose, which provides most of the energy used by the sperm.

128
Q

prostate gland

A

secretes a thin milky fluid that further nourishes the sperm.

129
Q

two bulbourethral glands

A

secrete a clear alkaline mucus, before ejaculation and may carry sperm

130
Q

semen

A

sperm + glands fluid

131
Q

penis

A

consists mainly of cylinders of erectile tissue

132
Q

foreskin

A

cover the glans (male)

133
Q

impotence

A

inability to erection

134
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh)

A

increases sperm production

135
Q

luteinizing hormone (lh)

A

the anterior pituitary gland, promotes the secretion of androgens, main testosterone

136
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation and development of sperm

137
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

sperm develop inside that testes in coiled tubes called…

138
Q

oogenesis

A

the development of a mature egg

139
Q

ovarian cycle

A

controls oogenesis, the growth and release of an egg.

140
Q

menstrual cycle

A

the uterus is prepared for possible implantation of an embryo

141
Q

acrosome

A

contains an enzyme that helps the sperm penetrate the egg

142
Q

eggs three coats

A

jelly coat, glycoproteins (vitelline layer), plasma membrane

143
Q

cleavage

A

after zygote before the blastula

144
Q

blastocoel

A

forms in the center of the embryo, a fluid-filled cavity

145
Q

vegetal pole

A

bigger than animal pole

146
Q

animal pole

A

smaller than vegetal pole

147
Q

blastopore

A

a groove that appears on one side of the blastula

148
Q

natural tube

A

future brain

149
Q

somites

A

blocks of mesoderm that will give rise to segmental structures

150
Q

induction

A

one group of cells influences the development of an adjacent group of cells

151
Q

apoptosis

A

the timely and programmed suicide of cells

152
Q

homeoboxes

A

60 amino acids and 180 nucleotides

153
Q

gestation

A

pregnancy

154
Q

conception

A

fertilization

155
Q

a human blastocyst has….

A

a fluid-filled, inner cell mass that will form the embryo, and an outer layer of cells called trophoblast

156
Q

trophoblast

A

an outer layer of cells that secrete an enzyme the enables the blastocyst to implant in the endometrium. eventually will form part of the placenta.

157
Q

extraembryonic membranes

A

develop attachments to the embryo and help support it

158
Q

chorionic villi

A

moms blood vessels to baby

159
Q

colostrum

A

rich protein and antibodies

160
Q

endometrium

A

the inner liner lining of the uterus in mammals, richly supplied with blood vessels that provide the maternal part of the placenta. and nourish the developing embryo.

161
Q

placenta

A

in most animals, the organs that provide and oxygen to the embryo and help dispose of its metabolic wastes

Biology II (8 decks)

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