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Biology II > test 4 > Flashcards

test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

biotic factors

A

includes all organisms in an area

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2
Q

abiotic factors

A

includes all non-living components of an area

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3
Q

habitat

A

biotic + abiotic factors

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4
Q

organism (level)

A

how one kind of organism meet the challenges and opportunities

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5
Q

population (level)

A

Example: factors that affect the size population

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6
Q

ecosystem (level)

A

how chemical cycle and how energy flows between organisms and their surroundings

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7
Q

biosphere

A

all inhabitable area of the Earth

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8
Q

physical and chemical factors that influence life in the biosphere

A

energy sources, temperature, water, inorganic nutrients, other aquatic factors, and other terrestrial factors

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9
Q

prevailing winds

A

major global winds

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10
Q

biomes (terrestrial)

A

determined by temperature and precipitation

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11
Q

biomes (aquatic)

A

determined by salinity

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12
Q

pelagic realm

A

open water from the surface to bottom

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13
Q

benthic realm

A

seafloor from the continental shelf to deep-sea bottom ( Rock Bottom)

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14
Q

photic zone

A

continental shelf to the top of the water

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15
Q

aphotic zone

A

barely any light

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16
Q

intertidal zone

A

where the ocean meets land and the fresh water and the saltwater mix

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17
Q

permafrost

A

continuously frozen subsoil

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18
Q

zooplankton

A

animals that draft in aquatic environments

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19
Q

estuary

A

a biome that occurs where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean

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20
Q

proximate causes

A

the answers to such question about the immediate mechanism for a behavior

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21
Q

proximate questions

A

concern the immediate reason for the behavior

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22
Q

ultimate questions

A

address why a particular behavior occurs a component of the animal’s phenotype shaped by natural selection

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23
Q

ultimate cause

A

are evolutionary explanations

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24
Q

innate behavior

A

behavior that is under strong genetic control and is performed in virtually the same way by all individuals os a species

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25
Q

Fixed action patterns (FAPs)

A

os an unchangeable series of actions triggered by a specific stimulus

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26
Q

behavior is the result of both genetic and environmental factors. True or false?

A

true.

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27
Q

habituation

A

lass of response to a stimulus after repeated exposure

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28
Q

imprinting

A

learning that is irreversible and limited to a sensitive time period in an animals life

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29
Q

spatial learning

A

use of landmarks to learn the spatial structure of the environment

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30
Q

associative learning

A

behavioral change based on linking a stimulus or behavior or punishment; includes trial and error learning

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31
Q

social learning

A

learning by observing and mimicking others

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32
Q

problem-solving

A

inventive behavior that arises in response to a new situation

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33
Q

cognition

A

is the process carried out by an animal’s nervous system to perceive, store, integrate, and use information gathered by the senses.

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34
Q

foraging

A

includes not only eating but also any mechanism an animal uses to search for, recognize, and capture food

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35
Q

search image

A

a mental picture of the food enables an animal to find the particular foods efficiently

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36
Q

optimal foraging model

A

an animal’s feeding behavior should provide maximal energy gain with minimal energy expense and minimal risk of being eaten

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37
Q

promiscuous

A

no strong pair- bonds or lasting relationships between males and females

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38
Q

monogamous

A

a bond between one male and one female with shared parental care

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39
Q

polygamous

A

an individual of one sex mating with several of the others

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40
Q

social behavior

A

as any kind of interaction between two or more animals of the same species

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41
Q

sociobiology

A

applies evolutionary theory to the study and interpretation of social behavior

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42
Q

agonistic behavior

A

conflicts that arise over limited resources such as food mates or territories, including threats, rituals, and sometimes combat

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43
Q

dominance hierarchy

A

a ranking of individuals based on social interactions

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44
Q

altruism

A

as behavior that reduces an individuals fitness while increasing the fitness of others in the population

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45
Q

inclusive fitness

A

describes an individuals success at perpetuating its genes by producing its own offing and by helping close relatives, who likely share many of those genes, to produce offspring

46
Q

kin selection

A

the natural selection favoring altruistic behavior that benefits relatives

47
Q

population density

A

is the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume

48
Q

dispersion pattern

A

a population refers to the ways individuals are spaces within an area

49
Q

clumped dispersion pattern

A

in which individuals are grouped in patches, is the most common in nature

50
Q

uniform dispersion pattern

A

(an even one) often results from interactions between individuals of a population

51
Q

random dispersion pattern

A

individuals in a population are spaced in an unpredictable way, without a pattern

52
Q

life tables

A

track survivorship

53
Q

survivorship curves

A

which plot survivorship as the proportion of individuals from an initial population that are alive at each age

54
Q

exponential growth model

A

gives an idealized picture of unlimited population growth

55
Q

limiting factors

A

environmental factors that resist population growth

56
Q

logistic growth model

A

a description of idealized population growth that is slowed by limiting factors as the populations’ size increases

57
Q

density-dependent factors

A

limiting factors whose intensity is related to population density- appear to restrict growth in natural populations

58
Q

density-independent factors

A

a population- limiting factor whose intensity is unrelated to population

59
Q

boom- and- bust cycles

A

is a process of expansion and contraction that occurs repeatedly.

60
Q

life history

A

the traits that affect an organisms schedule of reproduction and death

61
Q

r- selection

A

species are those that emphasize high growth rates, typically exploit less-crowded ecological niches, and produce many offspring, each of which has a relatively low probability of surviving to adulthood (i.e., high r, low K)

62
Q

k- selection

A

On the other extreme are species that are highly K-selected. K refers to the carrying capacity and means that the babies are entering a competitive world, in a population at or near its carrying capacity. … K-selected species produce offspring that each have a higher probability of survival to maturity.

63
Q

sustainable resource management

A

practices that allow the use of natural resources without damaging it

64
Q

demographic transition

A

a shift from birth rates and death rates that are low but roughly equal

65
Q

age structure

A

a population is the number of individuals of different age group

66
Q

fertility rate

A

the average number of children produced by a woman over her life- substantially exceeds the number of children needed to replace herself and her mate

67
Q

population momentum

A

results from the increased proportion of women of childbearing age in the population

68
Q

ecological footprint

A

is an estimate of the land and water area required to provide the resources an individual or a nation consumes- for example, food, fuel, and housing- and to absorb the waste it generates

69
Q

biocapacity

A

earth capacity to renew these resources gives us a broad view of the sustainability of human activities

70
Q

sustainability

A

is the goal of developing managing and conserving earth resources in ways that meet the need of people today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

71
Q

herbivory

A

is the consumption of plant part parts or algae by an animal

72
Q

ecological niche

A

the sum of its use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

73
Q

detritus

A

consumers that derive their energy from dead material produced at all trophic levels

74
Q

species diversity

A

is defined by two components: species richness, or the number of different species in a community or relative abundance, the proportional representation of each species in a community.

75
Q

keystone species

A

a species whose impact on its community is much larger than its abundance or total biological mass would indicate

76
Q

ecologicacal succession

A

a disturbed area may be colonized by a variety of species, which are gradually replaced by a succession of other species,

77
Q

primary succession

A

when ecological succession begins in a virtually lifeless area with no soil

78
Q

secondary succession

A

occurs where a disturbance has cleared away an existing community but left the soil intact

79
Q

invasive species

A

spreading far beyond the original point of introduction and causing environmental or economic damage by colonizing and dominating wherever they find suitable habitat

80
Q

ecosystem

A

consists of all organisms in a community as well as abiotic environment with which the organism interact

81
Q

energy flow

A

the passage of energy through the components of the ecosystem

82
Q

chemical cycling

A

the transfer of matter within the ecosystem

83
Q

primary production

A

the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy- as organic compounds- by photosynthesis

84
Q

gross primary production

A

the total amount of primary prodution during a given time period

85
Q

net primary production

A

is the amount of new organic material added to an ecosystem in a given amount

86
Q

biogeochemical cycles

A

because chemical cycles in an ecosystem include both biotic and abiotic (geologic and atmospheric) components

87
Q

abiotic reservoirs

A

where chemicals accumulate or are stockpiled outside of the living organisms

88
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

which is performed by some bacteria, converts n2 to components of nitrogen that can be used by plants

89
Q

biodiversity

A

encompasses more than individual species- it includes ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity

90
Q

extirpation

A

the loss of a single population of a species

91
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

Ecosystem diversity deals with the variations in ecosystems within a geographical location and their overall impact on human existence and the environment. Ecosystem diversity addresses the combined characteristics of biotic properties and abiotic properties.

92
Q

genetic diversity

A

is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species, it ranges widely from the number of species to differences within species and can be attributed to the span of survival for a species.

93
Q

ozone layer

A

protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet ray in the sunlight

94
Q

biological magnification

A

occurs because the biomass at any given point tropic level is produced from a much larger toxin- containing biomass ingested from the level below

95
Q

phenotype plasticity

A

the ability to change phenotype in response to the local environment conditions

96
Q

conservation biology

A

is a goal-oriented science that seeks to understand and counter the loss of biodiversity

97
Q

movement corridor

A

where habitats have been severely fragmented by human activities; a narrow strip or series of small clumps of high-quality habitat connections

98
Q

biodiversity hot spot

A

is a relatively small area with numerous endemic species, those that are found nowhere else in the world, and a large number of endangered and threatened species

99
Q

endemic species

A

those that are found nowhere else in the world and a large number of endangered and threatened species

100
Q

zoned reserve

A

an extensive region of land that includes one or more areas undisturbed by humans

101
Q

ecotourism

A

travel to natural areas for tourism and recreation

102
Q

restoration ecology

A

uses ecological principles to develop methods of achieving this goal

103
Q

ocean currents

A

a combination of the prevailing winds, the planets rotation, unequal heating of the surface waters, and the locations and shapes of the continents

104
Q

tropics

A

the region surrounding the equator between latitudes 23.5 north ( Cancer) and 23.5 south (Capricorn)

105
Q

temperate zones

A

the latitudes between the tropics and the arctic circle in the north and the antarctic circle in the south

106
Q

continental shelves

A

the photic zones include both the pelagic and benthic realms

107
Q

phytoplankton

A

microscopic algae and cyanobacteria and multicellular algae provide energy and organic carbon for a diverse community of animals

108
Q

desertification

A

the conversion of semi-arid regions to the desert is a significant environmental problem

109
Q

kinesis

A

a random movement in response to a stimulus

110
Q

species richness

A

the number of different species represented in an ecological community

111
Q

niche

A

matching the animal to its environment

Biology II (8 decks)

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