Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology S2 > Test 3: Bioenergetics and growth > Flashcards

Test 3: Bioenergetics and growth Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Collective term for all the chemical reactions occuring in an organism’s body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The total energy turnover in the body per unit time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the energy budget?

A

energy in=energy out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the unit of energy?

A

joule (J)
- kilojoules (kJ)
- megajoules (MJ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Does metabolic rate vary? If so, with what?

A

Yes, metabolic rate varies with:
- physical activity
- reproductive status
- lactation
- ambient temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How much does metabolic rate raise with an increase in body temperature?

A

A 1 * C raise in body temperature = 10% raise in metabolic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which animals have higher metabolic rates? Young or old?

A

young animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What hormones and which part of the nervous system increase metabolic rate?

A

Increase in metabolic rate:
- thyroid hormones
- sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What part of the nervous system is involved in “stressful” situations?

A

sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens with metabolic rates during prolongued periods of starvation?

A

metabolic rates gradually fall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What correlation does metabolic rate have with size?

A

inversely proportional
(metabolic rate decreases with an increase of body size) (exponential curve down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What has a higher metabolic rate, rats or elephants?

A

rats!
they have smaller body sizes = highermetabolic rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the main function of having a SA:V ratio?

A

maintaining body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do smaller animals have higher metabolic rates?

A
  • higher breathing rate
  • higher heart rate
  • eat more food per unit body mass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In what two ways can metabolic rate be measured?

A

DIRECT:
- calorimetry

INDIRECT:
- respirometry
- material-balanced method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is calorimetry?

A
  • direct method of measuring metabolic rate
  • measures heat dissipation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two indirect ways of measuring metabolic rate?

A
  • respirometry
  • material-balanced method
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is respirometry?

A
  • indirect calorimetry method of measuring metabolic rate
  • measuring O2 uptake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the material-balanced method?

A
  • indirect calorimetry method of measuring metabolic rate
  • measuring the chemical energy content of the organic matter that enters or leaves the animal’s body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the different levels of metabolism?

A
  • basal metabolic rate (BMR)
  • fasting metabolic rate
  • maintenance metabolic rate
  • field metabolic rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is BMR?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate:
- minimum metabolic rate required for maintenance of the basic life processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is fasting metabolic rate?

A

the metabolic rate of animals that are given the opportunity to stand, lie down, and preform normal body care.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is maintenance metabolic rate?

A

When an animal eats exactly the aounts of feed required to maintain its body mass and does not produce milk, eggs, or movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is field metabolic rate?

Study These Flashcards
A

the average daily metabolic rate:
how much energy an animal is expending over a 24h period (under conditions such as: hunting, grazing, food searching, rest, reproduction, social interaction, etc.).

25
What are the most important contributions to the calculation of an animals energy requirement? What do such processes require?
- **physical work** - **deposition of lipids and proteins** during growth and pregnancy - **production** of eggs, wool and milk each of these processes requires an **extra supply of energy** and a supply of **appropriate nutrients**.
26
What is an animals "energy requirement"?
sum of: - maintenance requirement - other function requirements (eg. milking, fetal growth, physical activity)
27
What does the amount of energy produced depend on?
the **substrates eaten**
28
What are the major biological macromolecules found in food?
- lipids - proteins - carbohydrates
29
Explain the relation of kcal/gram of the different macromolecules.
- lipids (9.3 kcal/gram) - proteins (4.1 kcal/gram) - carbohydrates (4.1 kcal/gram)
30
How are kcal converted into kJ?
1 kcal = 4.2 kJ
31
What is the *respiratory quotient*? How is it calculated?
The Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is the **ratio** between **CO2 production** and **O2 uptake** during *steady state conditions*. RQ = CO2 expired / O2 consumed
32
What are the RQ values of the major food macromolecules?
- fatty acids (0.7) - proteins (0.8) - carbohydrates (1.00)
33
List the macromolecules in terms of increasing RQ values.
fats < proteins < carbohydrates
34
List the macromolecules in terms of increasing kcal/gram.
carbohydrates = proteins < fats
35
What happens when the RQ > 1?
anaerobic respiration
36
Do different substrates have different RQ values?
yes.
37
What does the measurement of RQ allow for?
Gain information about the **source of energy** an animal is using.
38
How can one compare the metabolism of animals under different conditions?
by comparing RQ
39
What can the RQ value inform one about?
- the substrate used - wether it is respired under aerobic conditions
40
What increases during/after meal consumption?
- oxygen consumption - heat production
41
What is the *heat increment of digestion*?
The **increase in heat production** of an organism during or right after **meal** consumption.
42
When is the *heat increment of digestion* highest?
After a protein rich meal.
43
Compare the heat increment of digestion of different species.
**ruminants**: >50% of the metabolized energy (due to fermentation in the forestomachs) **simple-stomach animals**: 10-30%
44
What is the *aerobic metabolic scope*?
the **ratio** between: - the **highest aerobic metabolic rate** that an animal can sustain over brief periods of time - the **maintenance metabolic rate**
45
Around how many times can animals increase their metabolic rate during intense excersize?
25-35 times (during fighting/racing)
46
Does utilization of energy in feed vary among animal species? If so, how?
**Yes**, the utilization of energy in the feed **varies** among animal species. Carnivores: - metabolizable energy represents more than 80% of gross energy in their natural diet - digest meat and fat Commercial Feed: - carbohydrate rich (poorly digestable) - lowers the metabolizable energy Herbivores: - cannot utilize as much energy - diet rich in lignified plant material Ruminants and Horses: - 50% energy in feed is lost through feces, urine and methane gas (energy-rich fermentation) - fed roughage
47
How is energy stored in the body? Why is it stored?
- stored as **triglycerides** - in **preperation** for: periods when feed is limited/ energy requirements are elevated
48
What do deer have to aid them in the winter?
**body stores** of **fat**: - energy source - sufficient for maintenance requirements for 1-2 months - winter: grazing is limited, feed has low digestability
49
What do migrating birds and mammals have to aid them in the winter?
- store fat as **triglycerides** - energy for muscle activity - triglycerides contribute to: distance and speed of migration
50
What do animals use the stored fat for during lactation?
- ATP production - precursors for synthesis of milk fat
51
What is required for the growth and regeneration of an animal?
- steady supply of nutrients - generation of ATP - organic and inorganic molecule supply
52
How do animals grow during fetal life?
- transport of nutrients across the placenta - nutrients contained in the egg (present since the egg was laid)
53
What are the most important hormones for the regulation of growth in fetal stages?
- insulin - T3
54
What is insulin and T3 important for?
- hormone - regulation of growth in the fetal stages
55
What compounds are important growth regulators after birth?
- growth hormones - insulin-like growth factors
56
What is animal aging associated with?
- reduced appetite - reduced metabolic rate - reduced physical reserves - reduced muscle mass - reduced mental abilities
57
What happens to the number of cells (in the body) during aging?
decreases
58
State examples of diseases associated with aging.
- diabetes mellitus - kidney diseases - cancer
59
When does a herbivores aging process accelerate?
- teeth become severely abraided - ability to digest feed becomes impaired

Physiology S2 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions