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Physiology S2 > Test 3: Regulation of Body Temperature > Flashcards

Test 3: Regulation of Body Temperature Flashcards

1
Q

Is temperature uniform throughout the body? Explain the ‘parts’ of the body. What are their temperatures?

A

NO!
1) Inner Core:
- deep body temperature
- measured in the rectum
mammals: 36.5 - 39.5 * C
birds: 38 - 42 * C

2) Outer Shell

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2
Q

What fluctuations in temperature are normal for animals over a 24h period?

A

0.5-1.0 * C

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3
Q

What is the regular mammal core temperature?

A

between 36.5 * C and 39.5 * C

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4
Q

What is the regular bird core temperature?

A

between 38 * C and 42 * C

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5
Q

Explain the distrubution of temperatures in an organism under warm and cold environmental conditions.

A

Warm conditions:
- the core body temperature extends into the limbs and close to the skin surface of the animal.

Cold conditions:
- vasoconstriction in the peripheral blood vessels results in a gradient of temperatures between the core and the extremities.
- The core temperature is maintained only in the abdomen, thorax, and brain of the animal.
- The more peripheral tissues are allowed to cool considerably.

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6
Q

What influences body temperature?

A

metabolic rate

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7
Q

Explain the circumstances in which organisms may have hyperthermia. What is hyperthermia?

A

Hyperthermia- elevated body temperatures
- during excercise
- pregnant, lactating, rapidly growing animals
- thyroid hormone

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8
Q

What affects body temperature restraint?

A
  • internal insulating layers (eg. white and brown adipose)
  • external insulating layers (eg. hair and feathers)
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9
Q

What must be achieved in order for an organism to maintain a stable body temperature?

A
  • a stable body temperature:
  • heat inpute = heat output
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10
Q

Explain the metabolic rates in endothermic and ectothermic animals. What are they?

A

Ectotherms:
- low metabolic rate
- cannot regulate body temperature
- internal temperature = environment temperature
- cold-blooded
- all animals except of birds and mammals

Endotherms:
- high metabolic rate
- produce internal heat
- heat produced by the metabolism of food
- warm-blooded
- birds and mammals

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11
Q

How do endothermic animals regulate their body temperature?

A

gain metabolic heat:
- cellular respiration
- muscular contraction

regulate:
- behaviour (ie. finding shade, panting, reduced activity)

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12
Q

Explain temperature variation over time. What happens in cold-blooded animals? Warm blooded?

A

Cold-blooded:
- body temperature fluctuates with the external environment
- poikilotherms (“fluctuating heat”)

Warm-blooded:
- body temperature is regulated by internal mechanisms - more stable
- homeotherms (“same heat”)

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13
Q

What happens to all energy of an animal if it is:
- not growing
- not preforming physical work
- not pregnant
- not lactating
?

A

All energy released from nutrients is converted to heat.

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14
Q

How much faster can heat production become during muscle activity?

A

20 times higher than at rest

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15
Q

What is an example of involutary muscle contraction created to increase heat production?

A

shivering

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16
Q

How is heat loss regulated? By what? What acts as thermal insulators?

A

by controlling blood flow to the skin
- by the sympathetic nervous system

Thermal Insulators:
- skin
- fur
- feathers
- subcutaneous tissues (poor conductor of heat)

17
Q

What do aquatic birds use to maintain a water-repellent plumage?

A
  • fatty secretion
  • from the uropygial gland
18
Q

What do whales, seals and polar bears use to limit heat loss and remain in freezing water for long periods (without developing hypothermia)?

A

insulating layer of fat:
blubber
- in their subcutaneous tissue

19
Q

Explain the correlation of heat production to body mass.

A

As heat production increases, body mass increases parallely.

20
Q

By what 4 processes is heat transported?

A
  • radiation
  • conduction
  • convection
  • evaporation and condensation
21
Q

What do all processes of heat transportation follow?

A

a temperature gradient:
warmer –> colder

22
Q

Explain the “radiation” process of heat transfer.

A

electromagnetic radiation is:
- partially absorbed
- partially reflected

Absorbed Radiation:
- converted to heat
- increases body temperature of object

Simoultaneously:
- radiation is emmited from the object
- reduction of heat energy

23
Q

What plays an important role in the absorption of visible light?

A

skin colour:
black- absorbs more solar radiation (90%)
white- (50% absorbed)

24
Q

Explain the “conduction” process of heat transfer.

A

Conduction:
- heat transfer between objects in direct contact
- heat loss: body in contact with cooler surface

25
Q

Explain the “convection” process of heat transfer.

A

Convection:
- transfer of heat by moving air or water
- heat loss: body temperature is higher than air temperature

Insulation:
- reduces convective heat loss
- ie. fur, feathers

26
Q

Explain the “evaporation” process of heat transfer. State examples of this process.

A

Evaporation:
- water –> gas / water vapour
- cools animal
- eg. sweating, panting, wetting of body surface

27
Q

Explain the 4 processes using a dog in a pool.

A
  • heat is released by evaporating through panting,
  • heat from the sun radiates into the body, and heat from the body radiates into the air,
  • the wind cools the body by convection,
  • heat from the body is transferred into cooler water by conduction.
28
Q

What is the ‘optimal temperature zone’ called? What is it in other words?

A

the thermoneutral zone:
- most energetically efficient zone

29
Q

What is hyperthermia?

A

When heat production exceeds heat loss.
- body temperature rises above normal ranges

30
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

When the increase in body temperature is not sufficient to compensate for the heat lost.
- body temperature deops below normal ranges

31
Q

What is a fever? When does it occur?

A
  • raise in body temperature
  • occurs during infections and injuries
32
Q

State examples of predisposing factors that increase an animal’s risk for hypothermia.

A
  • very young
  • very old
  • low body fat
  • inadequate hair coat
  • recent surgeries (prolongued anesthesia)
  • small breeds
  • prolongued exposure to cold temperatures
  • wet fur and skin
33
Q

State examples of predisposing factors that increase an animal’s risk for hyperthermia.

A
  • increased ambient temperature
  • humidity
  • excessive muscle exertion
  • excessive metabolic activity
  • physical structure
  • dehydration
  • trauma
  • restraint
34
Q

State clinical signs of hyperthermia.

A
  • increased heart rate
  • increased respiration
  • open mouth breathing
  • increased sweat and saliva
  • weakened pulse
  • restlessness
  • slow responsiveness
  • uncoordination
  • convulsions
  • collapse
  • death
35
Q

State clinical signs of hypothermia.

A
  • shivering
  • slow shallow breathing
  • weakness
  • lethargy (lack of energy and enthusiasm)
  • low blood pressure
  • muscle stiffness
  • dilated pupils
  • hard to fins heartbeat
  • coma
36
Q

How is body temperature regulated?

A

by reflexes:
- sensory components
- the thermoregulatory center
- motor components

by behavioural patters:
- ambient temperature increases: shade seeking, wind seeking, increased hairless skin parts exposure, etc.
- ambient temperature decreases: hurdling together, curling up, insulating nesting material, seek shelter, etc.

37
Q

State examples of sensory inputs of body temperature regulation.

A

warmth and cold sensors in:
- skin
- internal organs
- hypothalamus

38
Q

State examples of motor outputs of body temperature regulation.

A

heat stress:
- behaviour
- increased blood flow to skin
- sweating
- panting

cold stress:
- behaviour
- reduced blood flow to skin
- shivering
- activation of brown adipose tissue
- hormone secretion

39
Q

Explain vasoconstriction and vasodilation in terms of body temperature regulation.

A

Vasodilation:
- increased blood flow to skin surface
- increased heat loss

Vasoconstriction:
- decreased blood flow to skin surface
- decreased heat loss

Physiology S2 (17 decks)

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