Test 3: Chapter 4

Question 1

Polygraph

Answer 1

Device for recording an individual’s autonomic nervous system responses

Question 2

Applications of polygraph test

Answer 2

Police use to aid in criminal investigations
Insurance to verify claims
Observe sex offenders on probation
Used to weed out employees with criminal tendencies
General screening tool

Question 3

Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988

Answer 3

Restricts private companies form using the polygraph for these purposes and limited the use of polygraph to specific investigations of job-related wrongdoing

Question 4

Polygraph disclosure test

Answer 4

Polygraph tests that are used to uncover information about an offenders past behaviour

Question 5

Comparison question test

Answer 5

1) A type of polygraph test that includes irrelevant questions that are unrelated to the crime, relevant questions concerning the crime, and comparison questions concerning the person’s honesty and past history prior to being interrogated
Relevant, irrelevant, and comparison questions

Question 6

Irrelevant questions

Answer 6

Baseline questions and are not scored

Question 7

Relevant questions

Answer 7

Based on crimes being investigated

Question 8

Comparison questions

Answer 8

Probable-lie control, designed to be emotionally arousing for all respondents and typically focus on person’s honesty and past history

Question 9

CQT assumptions

Answer 9

Guilty suspects are assumed to react more to relevant questions than comparison questions
Innocent suspects are assumed to react more to comparison questions than relevant questions

Question 10

Concealed information test

Answer 10

Developed by Lykken (1960)
Originally the Guilty Knowledge Test
Used to determine if person knows details of crime that only criminal would know
Ask series of questions in multiple-choice format
People will react to thing that are distinct or important
Will only work if suspects remember details of crime

Question 11

Ground truth

Answer 11

Knowledge if someone is actually guilty or innocent

Question 12

Field studies

Answer 12

Involve real-life situations and actual criminal suspects

Biggest issue is establishing ground truth - need to use judicial outcomes and confessions

Question 13

CQT accuracy

Answer 13

Most guilty suspects are correctly classified as guilty
Low accuracy for innocent
Many innocents classified as inconclusive

Question 14

CIT accuracy

Answer 14

Very effective at identifying innocent participants (95%)
Slightly less effective at identifying guilty participants
Correct outcomes were better in studies that include motivations to succeed, verbal response to alternatives, five or more questions and in laboratory mock-crime studies

Question 15

Admission of polygraph evidence

Answer 15

First submitted as evidence in Frye v. US - lead to requirement that technique must have general acceptance by relevant scientific community
Not admissible in Canadian courts of law - R v. Beland, mystique of science

Question 16

P300

Answer 16

ERP
Occurs in response to significant stimuli that occurs infrequently
Using CIT, guilty suspects should response to crime-relevant events with large P300 response compared to their response to non-crime relevant events
Resistant to manipulation

Question 17

Farwell and Donchin, 1991

Validity of P300

Answer 17

Pretty accurate
However, a couple limitations
Guilty participants reviewed the crime-relevant details just prior to taking CIT
No adverse consequences related to performance in study
Small sample size

Question 18

Lie conditions - brain activation

Answer 18

Greater activation in prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions

Question 19

McCabe, Castel, Rhodes (2011)

Examined influence of evidence from polygraph, fMRI lie detection or thermal imaging on verdicts in mock jury trial

Answer 19

Evidence from fMRI lie detection resulted in more guilty verdicts when compared to other types of evidence
When expert testimony on validity of fMRI was included, guilty verdicts reduced to other conditions

Question 20

Adams and Harpster (2008)

Analyzed 100 911 calls to determine if they could find murderers

Answer 20

Innocent callers were more likely to request help, correct any misperceptions, to be rude and demanding of immediate assistance, and to cooperate with 911 operator. Had considerable emotion and spoke quickly
Callers who were responsible for murder were more likely to provide irrelevant details, blame or insult the victim, state the victim was dead, be polite and patient and have little emotion in their voice

Question 21

Truth bias

Answer 21

Tendency for people to judge more messages as truthful than deceptive

Question 22

Why are police better at detecting lies in interrogation?

Answer 22

□ Because of familiarity of environment

High stakes of liar

Question 23

Factitious disorder

Answer 23

Somatic symptom and related disorder - DSM5
A disorder in which the person’s physical and psychological symptoms are intentionally produced and are adopted for no external rewards
May know they are intentionally producing symptoms or may lack insight

Question 24

Munchausen syndrome by proxy

Answer 24

Rare factitious disorder in which a person intentionally produces an illness in their child
Parent want attention or sympathy from others

Question 25

Malingering

Answer 25

Intentionally faking psychological or physical symptoms for some type of external gain Psychological or physical symptoms are under voluntary control External motivations for the production of symptoms

Question 26

Reasons for malingering

Answer 26

Avoid punishment (Not fit to stand trial) To seek drugs or transfer into psychiatric facility (Easier time, to escape) Avoid conscription to military or avoid certain military duties May seek financial gain from disability claims, worker's comp, or damaged from alleged injury May seek admission to hospital to obtain free room and board

Question 27

Defensiveness

Answer 27

Conscious denial or extreme minimization of physical or psychological symptoms Seek to present themselves in favourable light

Question 28

Explanatory models of malingering (3)

Answer 28

1) Pathogenic 2) Criminological 3) Adaptational

Question 29

Pathogenic model of malingering

Answer 29

People are motivated to malinger because of an underlying mental disorder Patients attempt to gain control over their pathology by creating bogus symptoms Over time, patients experience more severe mental disorders and the true symptoms emerge Little empirical support

Question 30

Criminological model of malingering

Answer 30

A bad person in bad circumstances who is performing badly Similar to malingering definition Little empirical evidence Suggests that APD people are more likely to malinger - no proof

Question 31

Adaptational model

Answer 31

Malingering is likely to occur when there is a perceived adversarial context and personal stakes are very high and no other viable alternatives are perceived Research supports Provides broadest, least pejorative explanation of malingering

Question 32

How to study malingering (3)

Answer 32

Case study Simulation Known groups

Question 33

Malingered psychosis

Answer 33

Unknown how often people try to feign psychosis Observed patients with factitious psychosis - did not develop disease, but had histrionic and borderline personality disorder

Question 34

Instrumental psychosis

Answer 34

Developed to identify patients attempting to feign symptoms to secure special accommodations

Question 35

What are indicators of malingered psychosis?

Answer 35

Malingerers tend to overact Piles symptoms Willing to discuss their symptoms (usually patients are reluctant) Try to control assessment (accuse clinician of not believing them, trying to be intimidating) Evasive in providing details Report rate or atypical symptoms, blatant symptoms, absurd symptoms not felt by genuine patients More likely to report positive symptoms of schizophrenia Delusions, hallucinations Less likely to have blunted effect, concreteness, or peculiar thinking Comparing genuine and fabricated symptoms of psychosis is a good way to detect malingering Actual patients will give coping strategies Malingerer will say there is no way for symptoms to go away Atypical visual hallucinations typical of malingering

Question 36

Structured interview of reported symptoms

Answer 36

Interview based method to determine if someone is malingering psychosis

Question 37

8 Scales of Structured interview of reported symptoms

Answer 37

1. Rare symptoms (real patients wont endorse frequently) 2. Symptom combinations (uncommon pairing) 3. Improbable or absurd symptoms (symptoms unlikely to be true because true patients rarely endorse them) 4. Blatant symptoms (items that are obvious signs of mental disorder) 5. Subtle symptoms (items that people consider as everyday problems) 6. Selectivity of symptoms (ratio of symptoms endorsed versus those not endorsed) 7. Severity of symptoms 8. Reported vs. observed symptoms (discrepancy between self-reprot and observable symptoms)

Question 38

MMPI-2

Answer 38

Several clinical scales to asses psychopathology Includes scales designed to test faking bad or malingering Infrequency (F) and Back F (Fb) to detect unusual or atypical symptoms