Test 3: Class notes

Question 1

Criminal profiling

Answer 1

Technique for identifying the major personality and behavioural characteristics of an individual based on the analysis of the crime they have committed

Question 2

Common profiling characteristics

Answer 2

Age
Sex
Race
Intelligence level
Educational history
Hobbies
Family background
Residence
Criminal history 
Employment status
Psychosexual development
Post-offense behaviour

Question 3

What is the purpose of criminal profiling?

Answer 3

Narrow down search for suspect
Help set traps to flush out offender
Determine if threat should be taken seriously
give advice on how to interrogate suspect or break them down in cross examination

Question 4

What kind of cases is profiling used in?

Answer 4

Serial arson
Serial bombers
Serial killers
Serial rapists

Question 5

Malleus maleficarum

Answer 5

15th century
Profile of witches
Popular children’s story book
Women with strong personality, defied convention, does not cry at trial

Question 6

Jack the ripper

Answer 6

Killed prostitutes and removed organs
Butcher, surgeon, or midwife
Wearing a cloak
Loner
Eccentric or no occupation
Mentally unstable
Looked ordinary

Question 7

New York’s Mad Bomber

Answer 7

Metesky
Set bombs off, injuring 15 people and sent letters to the press
Profiled by James Brussel
Would not set bombs off until end of WW2
Was trying to get revenge on Con Edison the power company

Question 8

Metesky profile

Answer 8

Male
Age 40-50 (54)
Skilled mechanic, cunning
Neet with tools and egotistical about skills
Not interested in women
Highschool graduate
Expert in civil and military ordinance
Unmarried, loner, living with family member
Neat, clean-shaven, muscular build
Foreigner, central or eastern European
Resents criticism
Present or former worker at Con-Ed
Did not live in Westchester
Probably Catholic
Had serious disease (tuberculosis)
Wearing buttoned double-breasted suit

Question 9

RCMP behavioural sciences branch

Answer 9

Providing tools and expertise for investigative success
Geographic profiling, polygraphs
National and local

Question 10

ViCLAS

Answer 10

Violent Crime Linkage Analysis
Used to link crimes across Canada - to subvert linkage blindness
Bought by other countries
Use regressional system

Question 11

Level 1 Sexual assault

Answer 11

Minor physical injuries or no injuries to victim

Max sentence: 10 years

Question 12

Level 2 Sexual assault

Answer 12

Sexual assault with a weapon, threats or causing bodily harm

Max sentence: 14 years

Question 13

Level 3 Sexual assault

Answer 13

Results in wounding, maiming, disfiguring, or endangering the life of the victim
Max sentence: life

Question 14

“Stranger” rape is much more common than “acquaintance” rape.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

The percentage of false rape reports is about equal to that of false reports of other crimes.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Women between the ages 15 and 24 are most likely to be raped.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Women of all races and socioeconomic levels are equally likely to be raped.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

Victims of attempted rapes are generally much less traumatized than victims of completed rapes.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

Anger is the most common initial reaction to being raped.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

Most victims have recovered from their initial symptoms by about one month after a rape.

Answer 20

False

Question 21

The existence of prior stress and psychological problems can interfere with the ability of a rape victim to cope with an assault.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

The severity of an assault is probably the most important factor in predicting how traumatized a rape victim will be.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Most rapes are planned in advance rather than occurring spontaneously.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

If a rape victim blames herself for the assault, it often means she played some role in precipitating it.

Answer 24

False

Question 25

It is not rare for a rape victim to have experienced more than one sexual assault during her lifetime.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Most victims report rapes to the police and want to see their assailant punished

Answer 26

False

Question 27

There is little consensus as to whether it is better to submit to a rape attempt or try to resist and risk further harm.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

It is not uncommon for a victim to delay in reporting a sexual assault.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Because of the trauma of the rape experience, victims seek stability and tend not to make any sudden life changes, such as moving or changing jobs

Answer 29

False

Question 30

When victims delay in reporting a rape, there is reason to suspect the rape did not really occur.

Answer 30

False

Question 31

Rape trauma syndrome

Answer 31

Burgess and Holstrom Based on sample of 92 women who were victims of forcible rape Acute and long-term phases

Question 32

Acute RTS

Answer 32

``` Physical trauma Skeletal muscle tension Gastrointestinal irritability Genitourinary disturbance Traumatophobia Denial, shock, disbelief Disruption Guilt, hostility, blame Regression to a state of helplessness or dependence Distorted perception ```

Question 33

Long-term RTS

Answer 33

``` Nightmares Phobias Disturbances in general function Sexual problems Changes in lifestyle ```

Question 34

PTSD primary

Answer 34

PTSD can be used to assess sexual assault trauma Repeated experiencing of traumatic event or avoiding situations, ideas, or feelings related to the event Psychic numbing or reduced responsiveness to the environment

Question 35

PTSD secondary

Answer 35

``` Difficulty falling or staying asleep Irritability or outbursts of anger Difficulty concentrating Hypervigilance Exaggerated startle response Physiological reactivity upon exposure to events that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event ```

Question 36

Rape myths

Answer 36

Woman cannot be raped against their will Women secretly wish to be raped Most accusations of rape are faked

Question 37

CQT

Answer 37

Type of polygraph Relevant/irrelevant test Comparison questions (people might stress out due to type of question, therefore use these as base)

Question 38

CIT

Answer 38

Ask questions and list possible answers Wait for autonomic reaction to list of answers Response would be after right answer if person was guilty Need a lot of information about crime

Question 39

Studies on CQT

Answer 39

High rates of false positives - saying they are lying when they are not

Question 40

Polygraph countermeasures

Answer 40

Biting tongue, pressing toes into floor | Counting backwards by 7

Question 41

Studies on CIT

Answer 41

High rate of false negative - saying they are not lying when they are

Question 42

Anti-anxiety drugs as countermeasures

Answer 42

Do not work

Question 43

Patric & Iacono - Do psychopaths react to polygraphs?

Answer 43

Used inmates Gave incentive No difference between psychopath and APD

Question 44

NRC 2003

Answer 44

14 scientists and 4 staff reviewed polygraph evidence | “The physiological responses measured by the polygraph are not uniquely related to deception.”

Question 45

R v. Beland (1987)

Answer 45

No crime occurred But were prosecuted for plan to commit crime - conspiracy to rob armoured truck No physical evidence Case was hinged on witness credibility and polygraph Case was lost

Question 46

Barlow & Raskin

Answer 46

Aura of infallibility of polygraphs | Observed if it had effect on jury decision

Question 47

Other behavioural measures of lying

Answer 47

``` Facial temperature Voice stress analysis Tone of voice or vocal cues Body movements Micro-expressions ```

Question 48

Vocal cues of lying

Answer 48

``` Fewer details Less plausible Less engaging, less fluent More nervous, less cooperative Deception cues easier to pick up when liar was motivated or lie was embarrassing ```

Question 49

Behavioural Analysis Interview

Answer 49

Liars are less helpful and unconcerned about being a suspect Liars exhibit more nervous behaviours (grooming, fidgeting) Guilty suspects answer quickly to knowledge questions and sound less sincere Motive questions will cause liar to shift position Guilty suspects are thought to be more evasive about the purpose of the interview (Q1);or to name someone they believe is innocent (Q5, because guilty suspects prefer to surround themselves with other possible suspects). Guilty suspects are also less likely to admit that a crime has taken place (Q6), and that they had the opportunity to commit the crime (Q7). Guilty suspects are also thought to express less confidence in being exonerated (Q14 and 16) and are less likely to have informed their loved ones about the interview (Q15).

Question 50

Vrij, Mann & Fisher 2006 | Experiment with BAI and university students

Answer 50

Told to lie | Ended up getting higher scored when they were lying - BAI high scores mean they are telling the truth

Question 51

Pail Ekman

Answer 51

Worked out all possible epxressions of the face Coded them Started in military research 10 000 possible facial expressions coded

Question 52

Natural microexpression readers

Answer 52

Many have gone through childhood abuse

Question 53

Porter & ten Brinke 2008 | "Reading Between the Lies: Identifying Concealed and Falsified Emotions in Universal Facial Expressions”

Answer 53

Simulated, neutral, or masked expressions Taped participants viewing images that were positive, negative or neutral Participants were told to convey emotion Frame-by-frame analysis of videotapes Partial microexpressions were observed and they were accurate to the image being seen

Question 54

Parole officers and parole

Answer 54

Lower accuracy of success of predicting parole success after meeting peopel than when looking at file

Question 55

Parole officer and lie detection

Answer 55

Parole officers were worst than students | This improved with training

Question 56

R v. Trochym

Answer 56

Hypnotically derived testimony is not permissible in Canadian courts

Question 57

Malingering

Answer 57

Intentional production of symptoms for external gain

Question 58

Factitious disorders

Answer 58

Actual disorders | Munchausen syndrome

Question 59

Somatoform disorders

Answer 59

Migraine Teeth grinding Periodic paralysis

Question 60

Malingering psychosis

Answer 60

Popular to malinger Difficult to verify, but has certain properties However, can be proved wrong if there is understandable motive of committing the crime, suspicious hallucinations and suspicious delusions, differences in behaviour vs. normal and interview, sudden emergence of symptoms, no subtle signs