Test 3 review Flashcards

Question

What is internal locus of control ?

Answer 1

Someone with an internal locus: believes that they have personal control over their own behavior

Answer 2

Stereotype threat is any adverse (bad) outcome due to one’s awareness of a negative stereotype of one’s in-group.

Answer 3

In stereotype lift, awareness of a positive stereotype about one’s group actually boosts one’s performance

Answer 4

Hidden curriculum refers to social messages conveyed in schools that may impact performance of different groups. Through teachers’ language, test formats, classroom procedures, or other factors, implicit messages about the value, abilities, or importance of different groups may be internalized by students. An example of a hidden curriculum may be a disproportionate number of male geometry teachers versus female teachers. In such a case, students may “learn” that men are typically better at geometry than women.

Answer 5

tokenism: a situation in which a member of a distinctive group is treated differently from others - Tokenism refers to an organization’s inadequate remediation of problems of inequality while exploiting minimal improvements. Ex; ., emphasizing its hiring of a female geometry teacher despite a disproportionate number of male geometry teachers could be characterized as “tokenism”

Answer 6

Token economy; the institution of a system providing tangible rewards in exchange for desired behavior

Answer 7

globalization is used to describe the processes of international integration; this integration has benefitted from advances in telecommunications infrastructure (e.g., the internet) and could be applied to the practice of charity

Answer 8

Demographic transition describes the shift from high to low birth and death rates as a result of the shift from pre-industrial to industrial economic systems

Answer 9

women’s “second shift” refers to an ongoing duality of roles (ex; the role of a working professional and the role of the family caregiver). When the demands of these roles conflict in terms of time and energy, tension results.

Answer 10

Identity interference is the principle that states that people experience stress when two aspects of their identity are in conflict.

Answer 11

Instrumental conditioning studies show that variable-ratio schedules of reinforcement lead to the quickest increase in rate of desired responses -The unpredictability in this schedule prompts subjects to produce the desired response quickly and steadily in constant anticipation of reward. responses

Answer 12

In contrast, a fixed-interval schedule provides reward after a fixed, or unchanging, period has elapsed. This schedule leads to a more gradual (SLOW) increase in the rate of desired responses

Answer 13

Speech production

Answer 14

Comprehension of speech

Answer 15

Big Five personality model includes openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism; the first letters of each spell OCEAN.

Answer 16

Individuals with high neuroticism often have overly active sympathetic nervous systems; this explains why they often display traits of hyper-arousal, which is correlated with aggressiveness and the tendency to anger easily Neuroticism is correlated with mood disorders and prolonged states of negative mood

Answer 17

Whorfian hypothesis: the belief that language influences cognition (thought).

Answer 18

Social loafing is the phenomenon whereby people exert less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone.

Answer 19

Groupthink involves the notion that members of groups, especially those groups that value cohesiveness among members, will conform in order to eliminate disharmony, which leads to a faulty decision-making process

Answer 20

Group polarization occurs when, after pertinent discussion or argument, a group adopts a more extreme position than the positions to which the individual members adhere