Neuroscience, Memory Learning

Question 1

What type of reinforcement schedule is most analogous to procrastination ?

Answer 1

FIXED Ratio

Question 2

Which type of reinforcement schedule has the Slowest rate of extinction ?

Answer 2

Variable Ratio

Question 3

what part of memory is hippocampus associated with?

Answer 3

Memory consolidation

Question 4

What part of baddley’s working memory model do patients with ADHD (who have difficulty with selective attention )com

Answer 4

Central Executive

Question 5

what does the brain of an Alzheimer’s patient look like?

Answer 5

Shrunken gyri and ENLARGED vesicles

Question 6

What is an example of functional exam used in medicine ?

Answer 6

PET scan (positron emission tomography) used to measure brain activity

Question 7

what is an example of structural exams used in medicine

Answer 7

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
CT (computerized tomography)
X-ray

Question 8

What are the three phases of classical conditioning ?

Answer 8

acquisition, extinction and spontaneous recovery

Question 9

What is spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

phase in classical conditioning
spontaneous recovery: a reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed

Question 10

What is acquisition ?

Answer 10

Acquisition is the initial phase of learning in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned response is established

Question 11

What occurs during extinction ?

Answer 11

Extinction is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together

Question 12

Describe reconstruction that can occur in memories ?

Answer 12

Personal, emotional memories are just as likely to be subjected to reconstructed as non-emotional memories

Question 13

Describe what occurs in Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

Answer 13

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve: He found that if he did not purposefully try to remember new information, he quickly lost this information during the first few days of learning it. Eventually, however, the rate of forgetting leveled off; so, the rate of forgetting decreased significantly and continued at a relatively steady rate after the initially steep loss

Question 14

What causes Korsakoff syndrome? What occurs?

Answer 14

***Korsakoff’s syndrome is a chronic memory disorder that occurs when one is deficient in thiamine (vitamin B-1). This syndrome is most commonly caused by alcohol abuse, although it may be caused by other conditions as well **

Some typical symptoms of the syndrome include gaps in long-term memory as well as difficulty remembering recent events

Question 15

What type of memory is autobiographical memory associated with ?

Answer 15

EPISODIC memory
The episodic memory is associated with recalling personal experiences and events.

Question 16

What is practice effect?

Answer 16

practice effect: refers to the improvements made in performance on any task with repetition or repeated practice;

ex: this effect would suggest that if the children were give identical or very similar tasks for each trial, their performance should improve to some degree just because of repeated exposure to the problems

Question 17

What is serial position effect?

Answer 17

The serial position effect applies to the recall of items and suggests that, when people are asked to recall a list of items, they tend to remember the items at the end of list, which they have most recently seen/heard (also known and the recency effect) and also remember items at the beginning of the list

Question 18

What characteristics are part of highest phase of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning ?

Answer 18

Social contract orientation and Universal ethical principles are part of he highest phase of moral reasoning —> post-conventional phase

Question 19

What is group polarization ?

Answer 19

Group polarization: is the tendency of groups to make decisions more extreme than the tendencies of individual members of that same group.

Question 20

Define locus of control ?

Answer 20

Locus of control: is the extent to which individuals feel they can exert control over events around them.

(ex: student being able to exert themselves in an environment )

Question 21

What is groupthink ?

Answer 21

Groupthink is a phenomenon in which groups make irrational or dysfunctional decisions as a result of the interactions among its members

Question 22

What is retroactive interference ?

Answer 22

Retroactive interference : When newly learned information (such as a new way to do algebra) INTERFERES with the ability to recall the OLD way.

Question 23

Wat is displacement ?

Answer 23

Displacement : involves transferring impulses or feelings (often aggressive ones) from their original object to one perceived as less threatening

(ex: a child who is bullied at school comes home and hits his younger brother).

Question 24

What does Malingering mean?

Answer 24

Malingering: faking symptoms for one’s personal gain

Question 25

What is Habituation ?

Answer 25

Habituation occurs when a repetitive stimulus leads to decreased responsiveness

Question 26

What is sensitization ?

Answer 26

Sensitization : increased responsiveness to repetitive stimuli.

Question 27

What is Insight Learning ?

Answer 27

Insight learning: is the sudden awareness of a solution without reinforcement, observation, or algorithmic procedural attempts to solve the problem.

Question 28

Which medical technologies measure structures vs functions?

Answer 28

fMRI and PET measure FUNCTION

MRI measures structures

Question 29

What is spreading activation ?

Answer 29

Spreading activation: describes a process of long-term memory storage and retrieval in which memories are stored in a network with semantically similar memories and cognitions.

Question 30

What happens if encoding part of memory is damaged ?

Answer 30

If encoding is damaged, memory will not be able to be retrieved over short time intervals

Question 31

Differentiate between within the subjects vs in between the subjects

Answer 31

Within the subjects: a design in which all participants receive both kinds of treatments
between the subjects: a design in which clients are separated into groups that receive different treatments

Question 32

Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to Extinction (harder to eliminate) ?

Answer 32

VARIABLE RATIO is most resistant to extinction (hardest to eliminate) because the personnever knows how many responses will be required to obtain reinforcement

Question 33

Which reinforcement schedule is LEAST resistant to Extinction (easier to elminate)

Answer 33

. CONTINUOUS schedule is least resistant to extinction (i.e., the easiest to eliminate) because the person or organism “catches on” quickly that the behavior in question no longer produces the desired reinforcement