Test

Question 1

What society defines as right and wrong forms the basis from which laws and policies are developed
The law persuades ethical behavior

Answer 1

Why the study of ethics in CJ are important

Question 2

How is the duty to act unethical

Answer 2

“Code of Silence”

Intervene in a violent encounter

Question 3

Three Context of Understanding crime and ethics

Answer 3

Personal
Social
Criminal Justice Context

Question 4

Represents how YOU see the world, formed by own personal experiences

Answer 4

Personal context

Question 5

Examines the environment we live in and the people with whom we interact
Gives us an understanding of the environments that encourage criminals

Answer 5

Social Context

Question 6

Sets legal limits for what we can do to each other and the consequences

Answer 6

CJ context

Question 7

Use of Force and Coercion is central to criminal justice
Decisions on: whether to use force, how much force, and under what conditions
Society places trust in police officers

Answer 7

Factors that distinguish CJ from other disciplines

Question 8

Investigates where our ethcal principles come from and what they mean

Answer 8

Metaethics

Question 9

examines specific controversial issues (abortion, death penalty)

Answer 9

Applied ethics

Question 10

examines moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct

Answer 10

Normative ethics

Question 11

Consequentialist ethical theory
Killing, lying, cheating, stealing are morally wrong because they produce bad consequences
Charity, benevolence, honesty are morally good

Answer 11

Utilitarianism

Question 12

Finds fault with consequentialism

Point out that sometimes humans have a duty or obligation to perform, regardless of the consequences

Answer 12

Deontology

Question 13

Teacher must fail underperforming student, though this causes unhappiness for both the student and the teache

Answer 13

Example of Deontology

Question 14

Thief steals a TV from a home
Produces happiness for the thief but unhappiness for the victim, the community, and the officers investigating, therefore the majority is unhappy so it is morally wrong

Answer 14

Example of Utilitarianism

Question 15

(18th century) The key to morality is…good will or INTENTION not consequences
Fundamental principle is Categorical Imperative

Answer 15

(18th century) The key to morality is…good will or INTENTION not consequences
Fundamental principle is Categorical Imperative

Question 16

– for act to be moral, you must be willing to permit everyone else to do the same in similar circumstances; you cannot be an exception

Answer 16

Universalizability

One formulation of the categorical imperative

Question 17

Treat people with respect and reverence, and not just as things
Cannot treat each other as “means” for our “ends”

Answer 17

Intrinsic Values

One formulation of the categorical imperative

Question 18

Affiliated with utilitarianism

All humans desire happiness and everything is a part of or a means to happiness

Answer 18

John stuart Mill

Question 19

Sometimes the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people is a result of a morally indefensible action

Answer 19

Concern with utilitarianism

Question 20

Does not provide guidance where this is conflicting duty

Answer 20

Concern with deontology

Question 21

Differences among beliefs, laws, morals, customs and other characteristics that set large groups apart

Answer 21

Culture

Question 22

Values and beliefs that set a group apart from the larger culture in which they exist

Answer 22

subculture

Question 23

Enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable

Answer 23

Value

Question 24

An enduring organization of beliefs concerning preferable modes of conduct or end states of existence along a continuum of relative importance

Answer 24

Value system

Question 25

2 perspectives on source of police values

Answer 25

Value-predisposition perspective | Values-learned perspective

Question 26

Individuals bring with them an identifiable set of broader societal values in the organization

Answer 26

Value Predisposition

Question 27

``` Conservative Family Oriented "old fashion values" Come from military/LEO families View police work as socially significant ```

Answer 27

What value predispositions officers have

Question 28

Moral commitment to make the world a safer place

Answer 28

Noble Cause

Question 29

Values and ethics are learned through on-the-job socialization and culturalization

Answer 29

Values-learned perspective

Question 30

How officers spend their time – garbage calls vs “real” police work Loyalty – don’t trust anyone but the brotherhood Fringe Benefits – gratuities make up for low pay Justice – the system is crap. Street justice is best (disorderly conduct?) Discretion – extralegal factors?

Answer 30

Deviant Values that may contribute to unethical behavior

Question 31

Recruiting those who have a true understanding of police work Increase educational requirements Teach ethics by leading through example Alter policies that foster unethical behavior—basing evaluations on arrests/stats Citizen satisfaction surveys Ethics training… Educate the pubic on the limits of the crime control mandate are...

Answer 31

Are ways to lesson police misconduct

Question 32

The most damning and potent evidence a prosecutor can present during a trial”

Answer 32

The power of confessions

Question 33

Brown and two other men were suspect of killing a white man. They were tortured until a confession was obtained Violation of Due process (14th amendment)

Answer 33

Brown v mississippi

Question 34

Miranda v Arizona

Answer 34

Miranda was accused of raping a 18yo girl. 5th amendment rights violated

Question 35

Reliability- must not be result of police coercion and actual perception Freewill Fairness-police must obey the law while enforcing it

Answer 35

interpretations of voluntary confessions

Question 36

Obtain information from persons not suspected of a crime; non adversarial

Answer 36

Interview

Question 37

Obtain information from persons suspected of a crime; accusatory

Answer 37

Interrogations

Question 38

When are police required to give miranda

Answer 38

Custodial Interrogation | After in custody, before interrogation

Question 39

Adopts roles that trick suspect into thinking they are there to help them

Answer 39

Role playing

Question 40

Confront suspects with false evidence

Answer 40

Fabricated evidence

Question 41

Maximize the suspects perception of negative consequences

Answer 41

Exaggerating nature and severity

Question 42

Primary goal is to provide public safety by controlling crime Focus on efficiency-identify, arrest, convict, punish

Answer 42

Crime control model

Question 43

The rights of the defendant are paramount | Focus on safeguarding constitutional rights

Answer 43

Due process model

Question 44

Reading verbal and non-verbal cues May cause investigations to build the case around the suspect May blind investigators of exculpatory evidence

Answer 44

Behavioral analysis

Question 45

``` Duress Coercion Intoxication Diminished capacity Mental impairment Ignorance of the law Fear of violence The actual infliction of harm The threat of a harsh sentence Misunderstanding the situation ```

Answer 45

Reasons of false confession | Mentally ill especially vulnerable to false confessions

Question 46

Voluntary-no police pressure-self punishment, acceptance Coerced-compliant-intense pressure-short term gains will outweigh the long term Coerced-internalized-innocent person comes to think he did the crime

Answer 46

3 types of false confessions

Question 47

Mandatory recording of all interrogations and judicial review of recorded confessions are..

Answer 47

avoiding false confessions

Question 48

retraining to...Authority to use force ad coercion discretionary nature of policing temptations in police work peer pressure or deviant subculture

Answer 48

police ethics training

Question 49

What % of all face-to-face encounters between police and civilians end in the use of force?

Answer 49

less than 2%

Question 50

2 approaches to training

Answer 50

Pedagogical | androgogical

Question 51

Traditional lecture | officers are told what ethics are

Answer 51

Pedagogical

Question 52

Guide through self-learning | Case studies to generate discussion

Answer 52

Androgogical

Question 53

Teaches how to consider different options and how to assess the consequences of those options. Better prepares officers to answer questions about their decision making in these tough situations

Answer 53

How ethics training helps officers

Question 54

Combining the andragogical approach with the use of case studies

Answer 54

Best ethics training for police officers