Test 72 Flashcards
Skin and soft tissue infections
Group-A streptococcus is the typical etiologic agent of erysipelas.
Image is reproduced with permission of Samuel Freire da Silva, M.D.
Psychosis
Diagnosis of primary psychotic disorders requires ruling out substance-induced and medical causes. Urine toxicology can be helpful in differentiating a substance-induced psychotic disorder from a primary psychiatric condition, and in guiding treatment.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Peptic structure is a well-known complication of GERD that results from the healing process of ulcerative esophagitis. Dysphasia usually starts with solids followed by liquids. Young age and lack of alarming symptoms argue against a diagnosis of malignancy.
Funnel plot analysis
Asymmetry in a funnel plot suggests publication bias.
Chronic kidney disease
Estimated glomerular filtration rate typically begins to decline by 8-10 mL/min/1.73 m^2 per decade starting at age 40-50. This age-related loss of renal function is considered normal and warrents no additional diagnostic studies or treatment.
Rotator cuff
Rotator cuff tendonitis usually manifest as lateral shoulder pain aggravated by movements requiring ABDUCTION and EXTERNAL ROTATION of the shoulder.
Beneficence
In nonemergency situations, informed consent should be obtained from a parent or legal guardian prior to any medical intervention in a minor.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Management of symptomatic left ventricular (LV) outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy aims to maintain relatively high LV blood volume throughout the cardiac cycle. Negative chronotropy and negative iontropy both encourage high LV blood volume; these effects are preferably achieved with beta blockers, but nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (verapamil) are a suitable alternative.
IgA nephropathy
IgA nephropathy commonly presents with recurrent episodes of gross hematuria within days of an upper respiratory infection. Complement levels are normal. Risk factors for progressive renal disease include elevated serum creatinine, hypertension, and persistent and significant proteinuria.
Smoking cessation
Weight gain is more common after smoking cessation. Bupropion and nicotine replacement are associated with less weight gain than varenicline. A reduced-calorie diet and regular exercise should be advised, particularly in patients who are overweight; but strict diet regimens (less than or equal to 1,200 kcal/day) are not recommended because they may lead to a relapse.
Power and sample size
The significance level (alpha) is the probability of a type I error (probability of incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis H0).
Power and sample size
The sample size and power of a study are interdependent and affected by a number of parameters. In general, larger sample sizes are needed when a higher level of power is required or when differences between groups are small.
HIV
The occupational transmission of HIV to healthcare personnel can occur during percutaneous, mucous membrane, or nonintact skin exposure to an HIV-infected body fluid. The body fluids at highest risk are blood and fluids with visible blood. Nonbloody, urine, feces, vomitus, and tears are considered noninfectious; exposure to these fluids does not require postexposure prophylaxis.
Receiver operating curve
The area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver-operating curve (ROC) curve is the measure of the ability of a diagnostic test to discriminate between two patient states (“positive” and “negative”). The greater the AUC, the closer the AUC value is to 1.0, and the better the diagnostic performance of the test.
Hypercalcemia
Extended immobilization can cause hypercalcemia due to release of calcium from bones. This is most common in patients with increased bone turnover (adolescents, Paget disease). Bisphosphonates can decrease bone turnover and preserve bone mass.
