Test Pt2

Question 1

Explain the structure of viruses.

Answer 1

Viruses consist of a capsid and may have an envelope.

Question 2

What are the two viral reproduction cycles?

Answer 2

Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle.

Question 3

Define prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

Answer 3

Prokaryotic: cells without a nucleus. Eukaryotic: cells with a nucleus.

Question 4

What is a capsid made of?

Answer 4

Proteins.

Question 5

What is an envelope?

Answer 5

A lipid membrane surrounding some viruses.

Question 6

What is a bacteriophage?

Answer 6

A virus that infects bacteria.

Question 7

What is a host cell? Give an example.

Answer 7

A cell that a virus infects, e.g., a human cell.

Question 8

What are the characteristics of viruses?

Answer 8

Non-cellular, require a host for reproduction, contain genetic material.

Question 9

Give 3 examples of diseases caused by viruses.

Answer 9

• Influenza
• HIV
• COVID-19

Question 10

What is a retrovirus?

Answer 10

A virus that uses RNA as its genetic material.

Question 11

What is reverse transcriptase?

Answer 11

An enzyme that converts RNA into DNA.

Question 12

What is a prion?

Answer 12

An infectious agent composed of protein.

Question 13

Can antibiotics kill viruses?

Answer 13

False.

Question 14

How can antibiotics stop bacterial growth?

Answer 14

By inhibiting cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis.

Question 15

How do you name bacteria?

Answer 15

Using binomial nomenclature.

Question 16

List and explain the patterns and shapes of bacteria.

Answer 16

• Cocci: spherical
• Bacilli: rod-shaped
• Spirilla: spiral

Question 17

What are the 2 domains of bacteria?

Answer 17

• Bacteria
• Archaea

Question 18

What are the 2 kingdoms of bacteria?

Answer 18

• Eubacteria
• Archaebacteria

Question 19

What are the general characteristics of bacteria?

Answer 19

Prokaryotic, unicellular, reproduce by binary fission.

Question 20

What is a gram stain?

Answer 20

A technique to classify bacteria based on cell wall properties.

Question 21

What is the difference between binary fission and conjugation?

Answer 21

Binary fission: asexual reproduction; conjugation: transfer of genetic material between bacteria.

Question 22

Give an example of photosynthetic bacteria. Give an example of chemosynthetic bacteria.

Answer 22

• Photosynthetic: Cyanobacteria
• Chemosynthetic: Nitrosomonas

Question 23

What is an endospore and how are they formed?

Answer 23

A dormant, tough structure formed by some bacteria to survive harsh conditions.

Question 24

How can bacteria be helpful?

Answer 24

They aid in digestion, produce antibiotics, and decompose organic matter.

Question 25

What are antibiotics used for?

Answer 25

To treat bacterial infections.

Question 26

List some diseases caused by bacteria.

Answer 26

* Tuberculosis * Strep throat * Salmonella

Question 27

Explain early earth's conditions and life forms.

Answer 27

Harsh, with volcanic activity; first life forms were simple prokaryotes.

Question 28

What is Pangea?

Answer 28

A supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.

Question 29

What were earth's first life forms probably like?

Answer 29

Simple, unicellular organisms.

Question 30

What is a vestigial structure?

Answer 30

A reduced or nonfunctional structure that was functional in an ancestor.

Question 31

What is an analogous structure? Give an example.

Answer 31

Structures with similar functions but different evolutionary origins, e.g., wings of bats and birds.

Question 32

What is a homologous structure? Give an example.

Answer 32

Structures that are similar due to shared ancestry, e.g., forelimbs of mammals.

Question 33

What is camouflage?

Answer 33

Adaptation that allows an organism to blend into its environment.

Question 34

What is mimicry?

Answer 34

An adaptation where one species resembles another for protection.

Question 35

Who is Charles Darwin? What theory did he develop?

Answer 35

Naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Question 36

What is stabilizing selection? Sketch a graph of it.

Answer 36

Natural selection that favors average traits; graph shows a bell curve.

Question 37

What is disruptive selection? Sketch a graph of it.

Answer 37

Natural selection that favors extreme traits; graph shows two peaks.

Question 38

What is directional selection? Sketch a graph of it.

Answer 38

Natural selection that favors one extreme trait; graph shifts in one direction.

Question 39

How does radiometric dating work?

Answer 39

Measures the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine age.

Question 40

What is the law of superposition?

Answer 40

In undisturbed layers of rock, older layers are at the bottom.

Question 41

Define spontaneous generation and biogenesis and give the name of the scientist associated with each.

Answer 41

* Spontaneous generation: life arises from nonliving matter (Aristotle) * Biogenesis: life arises from pre-existing life (Louis Pasteur)