TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two major roles of CAD
A
detection
classification
2
Q
CAD
A
computer aided detection
3
Q
inadequate separation of tissues , non uniformity and uneven exposure levels are all a result of what
A
lack of compression
4
Q
benign growths involving the milk ducts. high risk for breast cancer
A
ductal papilloma
5
Q
montgomery glands are what type of glands
A
subaceous gland
6
Q
forms on the skin surgave of the breast. Seen as multilobulated lesion with sharp outlines
A
keratosis
7
Q
a keratosis is demonstrated mammographically as a
A
sharply outlined multilobulated lesion
8
Q
Method of locating the lymph noes which cancer is spreading
A
lymphoscintigraphy or
sentinel node mapping
9
Q
benign inflammatory condition of the lactiferous duct leading to nipple discharge, inversion or periareolar sepsis
A
ductal ectasia
10
Q
are harmatomas benign or malignant
A
benign
11
Q
Can be a huge encapsulated lesion occupying the entire breast, seen as smooth boarders
A
lipoma
12
Q
essentially a pocket of fat that is encapsulated by a thin fibrous capsule
A
lipoma
13
Q
oil cyst are sometimes called
A
fat necrosis
14
Q
What are the ACR guidelines for breast cancer screening
A
begins at at 40
high risk starts at 30 but no sooner than 25
15
Q
ACR guidelines for high risk screening MRI. What percent is considered high risk
A
MRI by 30
20% lifetime risk
16
Q
physician will give you information about a particular treatment/test and you decide whether or not you want to proceed is called
A
informed consent
17
Q
MQSA requires no more than ___ dose per image
A
300 mrad
3 mgray
0.003 gray
18
Q
what is the superior margin of the breast
A
clavicle
19
Q
what is the inferior attachment of the breast
A
inframammary crease
20
Q
what is the medial attachment of the breast
A
sternum
21
Q
what is the lateral attachment of the breast
A
axilla
22
Q
Where is the most glandular tissue found
A
upper outer quadrant (tail of spence)
23
Q
in general lesions that are lateral will move _____ on the ML compared to the MLO
A
down
24
Q
in general lesions that are medial will move ___ on the ML compeared to the MLO
A
up
25
what is the larget organ of the body
skin
26
where is skin the thickest, and how thick
base of the breasts
2mm
27
where is the skin thinnest and how thin
nipple
0.5mm
28
outer most layer of the skin
epidermis
29
middle layer of the skin
dermins
30
inner layer of the skin
hypodermis
31
circular color skin aroudn the nipple
areolar
32
the nipple contains how many openings
5-15
33
a modified sweat gland that is milk producing
mammary gland or
glandular tissue
34
small bumps aroudn the areola. sebaceous gland surroundign the nipple
montgomery gland
35
opening of the montgomery gland, secretes a bacterostatic lubrication during lactation
morgagin tubercles
36
largest portion of the breast
tail of spence
37
angle of deflection where the breast tissue meets the chest wall below the breast
inframammary fold
38
an extra nipple is called \_\_\_\_and about \_\_% of the population has one
plythelia
10 %
39
the breast lies on top of the
pectoralis muscle
40
connective tissue that separates the breast from skin and muscle
fascia
41
The breast is attached ot the deep fascia via
the suspensory ligaments
| (coopers ligaments)
42
not actually part of the breat but used ofr positioning and image evaluation. Connects the front wall of the chest with the upper arm
pectoralis muscle
43
Fibrous connections between the inner side of the breast skin and pec muscle. Looks like waves on dense breasts
coopers ligaments
44
thickening or the density of the breast tissue
fibrous tissue
45
consists of lobes that produce milk
mammary glands/ducts
46
within the lobes of the breast are _____ which connect to the lactiferous ducts
lobules
47
responsible for delivering the milk to the nipple
lactiferous ducts
48
outside the lobule and connects to the lactiferous duct
extra lobular terminal duct
| (segmental duct)
49
what is another term for the extra lobular terminal duct
segmental duct
50
What duct is inside the lobule
intra-lobular duct
| (sub segmental duct)
51
what is another term for teh intra lobular terminal duct
sub segmental duct
52
TDLU
terminal ductal lobular unit
53
just inside the nipple is the
lactiferous sinus
54
cancer in the milk duct
ductal carcinoma
55
cancer in the lobules
lobular carcinoma
56
innter layer of a cell actually secrets cells of the TDLU
luminal epithelium
57
middle layer of a duct acts as a barrier to keep everything inside the cell
myoepithelium
58
the outer layer of the cell that holds it all together and responds to hormal fluctuations
basel membrane or
basement membrane
59
carry blood and fluid back and forth from the breast tissue to the rest of the body
lymphatic system
60
The medial aspect of the breast receives ____ of the blood supply via the \_\_\_\_
60%
internal thoracic mammary artery
61
the lateral aspect of the breast receives ___ % of the blood supply from the four vesseles coming out what two arteries
40%
axillary artery and the intercoatal artery
62
what 4 vessels come out of the axillary artery
lateral thoracic branches
thoracoacromial branches
lateral mammary branches
mammary branch
63
lateral thoracic vein comes off the ___ and drains the \_\_\_
axillary vein
lateral breast
64
internal thoracic vein drains the
medial breast
65
the intercostal vein drains the
lateral breast
66
what are the two types of lymphatic systems
superficial - skin
deep- within the breast nipple and areola
67
what 2 groups of lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast tissue, what percent
axillary (75%-90%)
parasternal (10-25%)
68
the axillary nodes receive how much of the lymph from the breast
75%-90%
69
the parasternal nodes receive how much of the lymph from the breast
10/25%
70
BIRAD A
fatty/adipose breast are almost entirely fat
25% density
71
BIRAD B
scattered fibroglandular density
25-50% dense
72
BIRAD C
heterogeneously dense
51-75% dense
73
what BIRAD may obscure small masses
BIRAD C
74
BIRAD D
extremely dense
75% dense
75
What BIRAD lowers the sensitivity of mammography
BIRAD D
76
what are the fixed borders of the breast
medial
superior
77
what tissue is best demonstrated on the CC view
medial
78
death rates are decreasing due to what 4 things
- advancement in treatment
- earlier detection
- increased awareness
- reduced use of hormone replacement
79
True or false
a woman with cancer in one breast has a higher risk of developing a new cancer in tge other breast
true
80
a womans risk of breast cancer nearly _____ if she has 1 first degree relative who has been diagnosed with breast cancer
double
81
True or false
a woman with a father or brother with breast cancer also have a higher risk of breast cancer
true
82
what percent of breast cancers are linked to a gene mutation
5-10%
83
what is your lifetime risk if you are BRCA 1 positive
70%
84
BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 have higher risk of getting ____ cancer
ovarian
85
\_\_\_\_ women are most likely to develop breast cancer
caucasion
86
\_\_\_ women under the age of 45 are more likely to develop breast cancer and more likely die
african american women
87
These women have the lowest risk of developing and dying from breast cancer
asia, hispanic, native american
88
women with benign conditions have a higher risk of cancer. The conditions are called
proliferative lesions without atypia
89
what are some examples of proliferative lesions without atypia
ductal hyperplasia
fibroadenoma
90
conidtions in which the cells in the ducts or lobules of the breast grow excessively and no longer look normal
proliferative lesions with atypia
91
looks like cancer cells are growin in the lobules of the milk producing gland of the breast, but they are not growing through the wall
lobular carcinoma in situ
92
early menstruation (before 12) gives you an __ risk of breast cancer
increased
93
women who had late menopause (after 55) have a ____ risk of breast cancer
higher
94
nulliparity and effect of breast cancer
never given birth
higher
95
primiparity and effect on breast cancer
1 child
higher
96
women with dense breast are how much more at risk than the average density
1.5-2 times
97
a thin supportive layer located between the basal surface and the epithelium and the connective tissue layer of the lobue is called
basement membrane
98
malignant casting calcifications appear as
framented linear branching
99
eggshell like and sharply outlined or elongated branching calcification are typycally
benign
100
primipara
carried pregnancy to over 20 weeks
101
postmenopausal obesity is associated with
circulating estrogen that is produced in fatty tissue
102
when questioning your patient what is the purpose of repitition
summarize
103
"where is your pain" is what kind of quesiton
open ended
104
proces of removing tissue and fat from teh abdomen and transferrign that tissue to reconstructed breast is called
DIEP - deep inferior epigastric perforator
105
removal of fluid cytology examines the fluid
cyst aspiration
106
Biopsy technique that often requires the presence of a cytologist
FNB
107
any size tumor with extension to chest wall or skin. Four to nine axillary nodes and or internal mammary nodes involved. No metastasis
stage 3
108
Cancer that has spread to another organ is stage \_\_
4
109
what are 3 contraindications of a lumpectomy
- previous lumpectomy
- multi cancer sites in one breast
- large tumor in small breast
110
staging of cancer will determine what 3 things
- if the cancer is invasive
- exact tumor size
- if cancer has spread
111
with calcifications magnification is used to asses what 3 things
- number
- morphology
- tissue distribution
112
In the CC projeciton the detector is positioned
at the level of the raised IMF
113
Why is the MLO preferred to the ML as a routine projection
poorly visualized posterior and lateral breast
114
Uses high frequency sound waves to image the breast
ultrasound
115
the thickest skin portion of the breast that travels from the central breast to the lateral side is the
tail of spence
116
fatty tissue is generally ____ with ___ density
radiolucent
lower
117
veins are located in the ___ of the breast
periphery
118
what 3 things will affect the average glandular dose
breast compression
HVL
breast size and composition
119
Two disadvantages of mammography screening include
granularit of the breast can impact visualization of cancer
mammography will not image all cancers
120
The TDLU consists of what 2 things
extralobular terminal ducts
interlobular terminal ducts
121
lactation results in increase ____ making mammography undiagnostic
glandularity
122
The better the converiosn for DQE the better the ____ \_\_\_\_
image quality
123
115. The two main classifications of breast cancer are
(A) tubular and lobular
(B) lobular and medullary
(C) lobular and ductal
(D) inflammatory and ductal
(C) lobular and ductal
124
The general criteria to pass the new American College of Radiology Digital Mammography (ACR DM) phantom require a minimum of _______ masses.
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
(A) 2
125
11. The picture indicates
(A) mammographically benign calcifications
(B) malignant calcifications
(C) keratosis
(D) fibroadenomas
A
126
38. Identify the position shown
(A) MLO
(B) CV
(C) LM
(D) ML
C
127
The detectors ability to respond to different exposure levels is called ___ \_\_\_\_
dynamic range
128
25lbs is how many N and how many DaN
111
11.1
129
what type of system has an amorphous selenium flat panel detector
direct digital
130
Sarcomas make up what % of breast cancer
1%
131
What allows repeated access to the venous system
infusaport
132
ductal carcinoma occurs in \_\_% of women with breast cancer and lobular carcinoma occurs in \_\_\_\_%
90%
5%-10%
133
Causes of poor contrast include
(A) inadequate exposure
(B) inadequate compression
(C) excessive KVP
(D) all of the above
(D) all of the above
134
A patient that has an inconclusive mammogram and ultrasound may benefit from an MRI because it can \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
delineate benign from malignant tumors
135
What is the leading cause of false-negative mammography results in dense breast tissue
underexposure
136
beam hardening is a byproduct of inadequate compression, which leads to increased \_\_\_
scatter
137
For magnification mammography the exposure time will be ___ as a result of the units small focal spots
longer
138
Overexposure results in ___ contrast
lower
139
A lateral view is an additional type of mammography view used for diagnostic mammograms. A lateromedial view means the x-ray beam is aimed to what aspect?
toward the inner chest
140
Which of the following is an example of ductal carcinoma?
(A) Comedo
(B) Epithelia hyperplasia
(C) Epitheliosis
(D) Papillomatosis
(A) comedo
141
Proper positioning helps eliminate which of the following
(A) all contrast
(B) all radiation exposure to the patient
(C) all mammogram artifacts
(D) the majority of mammogram artifacts
(D)
142
Which of the following would have the largest number of pixels?
(A) workstation monitor
(B) acquisition
(C) diagnostic workstation monitor
(D) laser film
(D)
143
Ideally, breast compression is maximized when?
(A) Accompanied by a thorough explanation to increase patient cooperation and the exposure is made on arrested inspiration to reduce motion.
(B) The exposure is made on arrested inspiration to reduce motion and the patient recognizes the advantage of compression in reducing radiation dose.
(C) Accompanied by a thorough explanation to increase patient cooperation and the patient recognizes the advantage of compression in reducing radiation dose.
(D) Accompanied by a thorough explanation to increase patient cooperation, the patient recognizes the advantage of compression in reducing radiation dose and the exposure is made on arrested inspiration to reduce motion.
C
144
The radiation doses of digital mammography exposures tend to be what percent lower than those of screen film mammography (SFM)?
20-30%
145
The five year survival rate for a patient with a stage 0 breast cancer is approximately which percentage?
100%
146
What view gives the best view of the mid-body side of the breast?
Open Calculator
LM
147
During spot compression, the technologist must do what before beginning the procedure?
identify the area of abnormality
148
Of the following, which should have the least number of pixels?
(A) acquisition
(B) diagnostic workstation monitor
(C) laser films
(D) workstation monitor
D
149
Three categories of compliance must be met in order to satisfy the MQSA standards for personnel. Which of the following is not one of these categories?
(A) Continuing experience.
(B) Initial qualifications.
(C) Supervisory ratings.
(D) Continuing education.
C
150
What category of BIRADS is associated with negative mammogram results with benign calcifications?
BIRAD 2
151
A BIRADS rating of 0 indicates which of the following?
(A) The patient has a known malignancy.
(B) The patient has a highly suscpicious abormality that needs further imaging.
(C) The patient's results show that no cancer is present.
(D) The patient's results are incomplete.
D
152
the production of milk is regulated by \_\_\_
hormones
153
Filtration provides the right amount of radiation to obtain a quality image by doing what?
shortening the exposure time
154
How should the patient's arm on the side to be imaged be positioned for an ML view?
stretched out on the object table
155
Which of the following is true for full field digital machines?
(A) The digital image is not easy to manipulate.
(B) The digital image cannot be manipulated.
(C) The digital image is easy to manipulate.
(D) The digital image cannot be saved.
C
156
Prolactin is at its highest point when?
1 hour after the onset of sleep
157
Where would the Ductography be performed?
mammography
158
HVL is used for _____ \_\_\_\_\_ and ____ \_\_\_\_\_
quality assurance
quality control
159
Which tissues is best visualized using the XCCL view?
posteriolateral
160
The examination of the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ assists in revealing the potential of breast cancer spreading to alternative locations in the body?
sentinal lymph node
161
MR Ductography is considered to be which of the following?
(A) An invasive procedure
(B) A noninvasive procedure
(C) A physical exam
(D) A type of CT scan
(B) A noninvasive procedure
162
If looking for a malignancy, the characteristics of a microcalcification would be considered which of the following?
(A) Fine size
(B) Single appearance
(C) Faint calcifications
(D) None of the above
A
163
ROC
Receiver Operating Characteristics
164
The mammography tube is designed and specifically constructed to capture what
soft breast tissue
165
What other tissues can be seen on the CC other than medial
Retroareolar, central, some lateral
166
What view is taken from the side and at an angle of a diagonally-compressed breast?
MLO
167
The FDA requires any mammography facility to obtain accreditation by completing all of the following except?
(A) Be accredited by an FDA-approved accreditation body.
(B) To continually keep up with all of the standards of accreditation
(C) Undergo an annual MQSA inspection.
(D) To be accredited by OSHA
D
168
A case of breast cancer in which cancer is found in the lymph nodes near the collarbone would be staged as which of the following?
Stage 3C
169
According to the image quality metrics (digital mammography) , which of the following would be considered a perceptual (observer-dependent)?
(A) Noise power spectrum
(B) Resolution (PSF)
(C) Limiting resolution
(D) Detective quantum efficiency
C
170
Which of the following supplies blood to the lateral breast?
(A) Internal mammary artery
(B) Internal maxillary artery
(C) Intercostal artery
(D) Lateral thoracic artery
D
171
What is the primary goal in breast positioning for screening mammography?
To show as much of the tissue as possible
172
Radiation therapy for breast cancer in which larger doses are given for three weeks is known as which of the following?
accelerated breast irradiation
173
The use of low kVp and high mAs will serve to do what
Reduce noise
increase subject contrast
174
A rolled CC is what type of view
supplementary
175
Which of the following is true regarding SNR (signal-to-noise ratio)?
(A) Image quality decreases when the signal is higher compared to the background noise.
(B) Image quality increases when the signal is higher compared to the background noise.
(C) Image quality increases when the signal is lower compared to the background noise.
(D) Image quality increases when the signal is higher compared to the contrast quality.
B
176
For which of the following might a triangulation become necessary?
(A) Focal compression
(B) Internal compression
(C) Stereotactic biopsy
(D) None of the above
(C) Stereotactic biopsy
177
prolactin is considered a \_\_\_
hormone
178
Which of the following would be considered correct for the 7th section of the HL7 standards?
education and awareness
179
Which of the following does the 1HE promote?
(A) The use of established standard computer languages
(B) The standards such as Health Level 7 (HL7)
(C) The guidelines of HIPAA
(D) Both A and B
D
180
Why are diagnostic mammograms typically longer than screening mammograms?
They capture more images
181
A thickening of swelling of part or all of the breast, which may be a sign of breast cancer, is known as which of the following?
Peau d' orange
182
What is the main purpose of mammogram equipment evaluations?
(A) To ensure compliance with the department manager
(B) To verify the repairs made were worth the time/money spent
(C) To ensure that the hospital does/does not need to buy additional equipment
(D) To verify all functions have been successfully restored after repair/alteration
D
183
Although T-scan impedance imaging is often used in conjunction with mammography, it doesn't require what
additional radiation
184
Assessing the final images of the mammogram challenges the technologist's image execution. Which of the following would not be a factor in image execution?
(A) Inclusion of entire breast anatomy.
(B) Knowledge of each projection.
(C) Intended purpose of each projection.
(D) Positioning techniques of each projection.
A
185
Which of the following is not part of the image quality phantom test?
(A) SNR/CNR evaluation
(B) Compression thickness
(C) Image quality scoring objects
(D) Artifact evaluation
B
186
If the kVp is higher, the mammogram image would be which of the following?
grey
187
188
what is the only physicist test covered under MQSA
MEE - mammogrpay equipiment evaluation
189
Approximately what percent of breast cancer occur in women
98%
190
In mammography the focla spot has ___ \_\_\_
dual focus
191
What view used to be called the cleopatra
AT
192
What is an advantage of using a frid in mammography
improved contrast
193
Contrast is usually ___ in thicker breast
higher
194
What type of imaging has a phosphor flat panel detector
indirect
195
In DBT images are ____ to the BEAM
perpendicular
196
ACR guidelines for high risk screening MRI. What percent is considered high risk
MRI by 30
20% lifetime risk
