Flashcards in Test Two Deck (27):
1
PNS
all the nerves distal to the spinal nerves
2
Somatic Division of PNS
- voluntary
- allows us to react to the environment
- spinal nerves + cranial nerves
3
Autonomic/Visceral Division of PNS
- involuntary
- maintains internal homeostasis
- sympathetic: fight or flight
- parasympathetic: rest and digest
4
Endoneurium of Spinal Nerves
- separate individuals axons
5
Perineurium of Spinal Nerves
- surrounds bundles of axons (fasicles)
6
Epineurium of Spinal Nerves
- encloses entire nerve trunk
7
Spinal Nerve Structure
- spinal nerve = dorsal and ventral roots
8
Outside the spinal column, the spinal nerve bifurcates into...
- Dorsal (poserior) rami
- Ventral (anterior) rami
- Each rami has smaller muscular and cutaneous branches
9
Classification of Peripheral Nerves
- By Velocity
Letters (afferent + efferent):
A: large, myelinated (fastest)
B: small, myelinated
C: unmyelinated
Roman Numerals (afferent only)
I (fastest) - IV (slowest)
10
Plexes
- Nerve Network
- formed from junctions of the anterior (ventral) rami
11
Cervical plexus
C1 - C4
12
Brachial Plexus
C5 - T1
- Innervates the entire upper limb
13
Lumbar Plexus
L1 - L4
14
Sacral Plexus
L4 - S4
15
Major nerves of hand and arm
Musculotaneous
Median
Ulnar
Radial
16
Avulsion Injury
BP Injury: the nerve is torn from its attachment to the spinal cord; torn at the roots; most serious type of injury
17
Rupture Injury
BP Injury: the nerve is torn, but not at the spinal cord....the more distal the injure = the better the prognosis
18
Neuroma injuries
BP Injury: With a rupture or avulsion injury, scar tissue can form where the nerve has torn and put pressure on the nerve, or block transmission
19
Stretch injuries
BP Injury: a.k.a neuropraxia; most common; nerve is damaged but not torn
20
Erb's Palsy
cause: birth injury, motorcycle accidents, contact sports
- avulsion of upper past of brachial plexus ( c5-c6) -> musculocutaneous nerve
- loss of: shoulder AB, external rotation, elbow flexion, bicep and brachioradialis stretch reflexes
- waiter's tip position: shoulder AD, internal rotation, wrist flexion
21
Klumpke's Palsy
cause: birth injury, traction injury, rare
- avulsion of lower part of bracial plexus (c8-t1) -> ulnar n, intrinsic muscles
- results: loss of sensation along arm; paralysis/atrophy of hand intrinsic muscles, long flexors and extensors of the fingers
22
Signs of Dysfunction of Peripheral Nerves
- sensory changes: decreases, lost and/or abnormal sensations
- parathesis: painless abrnormal sensation int
23
Real Trojans Drink Beer
Rami Trunk Division Cord Branches
24
Trunk
Upper, Middle, Lower
25
Division
Anterior and Posterior
26
Cord
Lateral, Posterior, Medial
27