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Social Psychology > Textbook Review > Flashcards

Textbook Review Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

The scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people

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2
Q

Construal

A

The way in which people perceive, comprehend and interpret the social world

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3
Q

Individual Differences

A

The aspects of peoples personalities that make them different from other people

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4
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which peoples behaviour stems from personality traits and to underestimate the role of situational factors

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5
Q

Behaviourism

A

A school of psych maintaining that to understand human behaviour, one need only consider reinforcing properties of the environment

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6
Q

Gestalt Psych

A

A school of psych stressing the importance of studying the subjective way in which an object appears in peoples minds, rather than the objective psychical attributes of the object

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7
Q

Self-Esteem

A

Peoples evaluations of their own self-worth

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8
Q

Social Cognition

A

How people think about themselves and the social world. How people select, interpret, remember and use social info to make judgement/decisions

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9
Q

Social Interpretation

A

To under-stand social influence, it is more important tounderstand how people perceive and interpret thesocial world than it is to understand that worldobjectively. The term construal refers to the worldas it is interpreted by the individual

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10
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could’ve predicted the outcome after knowing that it occurred

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11
Q

Theory

A

Set of organized principles that can be used to explain observed phenomena

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12
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable statement or idea about relationship of variables

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13
Q

Operational Definition

A

The precise specification of how variables are measured or manipulated

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14
Q

Observational Method

A

Technique where researcher observes people & systematically records measurements of behaviour

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15
Q

Ethnography

A

method where researcher attempts to understand a group of culture by observing it from the inside without imposing any preconceived notions

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16
Q

Archival Analysis

A

Observational method where researcher examine accumulated documents or archives of a culture

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17
Q

Correlation Method

A

The technique whereby researchers systematically measure two or more variables and assess the relation between them (i.e., how much one can be predicted from the other)

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18
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistic that assesses how well you can predict one variable based on another (e.g., how well you can predict people’s weight from their height

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19
Q

Random Selection

A

way of ensuring thata sample of people isrepresentative of a population,by giving everyone in thepopulation an equal chance ofbeing selected for the sample

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20
Q

Experimental Method

A

method in which theresearcher randomly assignsparticipants to differentconditions and ensures thatthese conditions are identicalexcept for the independentvariable (the one thoughtto have a causal effect onpeople’s responses)

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21
Q

Random Assignment to Condition

A

The process whereby all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment through random assignment, researchers can be relatively certain that differences in the participants’ personalities or backgrounds are distributed evenly across conditions

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22
Q

Probability Level (p-Value)

A

A number, calculated with statistical techniques, that tells researchers how likely it is that the results of their experiment occurred by chance and not because of the independent variable(s); the convention in science, including social psychology, is to consider results significant if the probability level is less than 5in 100 that the results might be attributable to chance factors and not the independent variables studied

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23
Q

Internal Validity

A

Ensuring that nothing other than the independent variable can affect the dependent variable; this is accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assigning people to different experimental condition

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24
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people

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25
Q

Psychological Realism

A

The extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psychological processes that occur in everyday lifeCover StoryA description of the purpose of a study given to participants that is different from its true purpose; cover stories are used to maintain psychological realism

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26
Q

Cover Story

A

A description of the purpose of a study given to participants that is different from its true purpose; cover stories are used to maintain psychological realism

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27
Q

Basic Dilemma of the Social Psychologist

A

The trade-off between internaland external validity inconducting research

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28
Q

Automatic Thinking

A

Thinking that is generally unconscious, unintentional, involuntary and effortless

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29
Q

Schemas

A

Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember

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30
Q

Accessibility

A

The extent to which schemasand concepts are at theforefront of people’s mindsand are, therefore, likely to beused when making judgmentsabout the social world

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31
Q

Priming

A

The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait or concept

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32
Q

Self Fulfilling Prophecy

A

The case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations

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33
Q

Embodied Cognition

A

The process which bodily sensations activate mental structures such as schemas

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34
Q

Judgemental Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently

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35
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

A mental shortcut whereby people base a judgement on the ease with which they can bring info to mind

36
Q

Representativeness Heuristics

A

A mental shortcut wherebypeople classify somethingaccording to how similar it isto a typical case

37
Q

Base Rate Information

A

Info about the frequency of members of different categories in the pop.

38
Q

Analytical Thinking Style

A

A type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context; this type of thinking is common in Western cultures

39
Q

Holistic Thinking Style

A

A type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to one another; this type of thinking is common in East Asian culture

40
Q

Controlled Thinking

A

Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary and effortful

41
Q

Counterfactual Thinking

A

Mentally changing some aspects of the pastas a way of imagining what might have been

42
Q

Overconfidence Barrier

A

People tend to have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgements, their judgements are usually not as correct as they think they are

43
Q

Social Perception

A

Study of how we form impressions of other people and make inferences about them

44
Q

Nonverbal Communication

A

The way in which peoplecommunicate, intentionallyor unintentionally, withoutwords; nonverbal cues includefacial expressions, tone ofvoice, gestures, body positionand movement, the use oftouch, and eye gaze

45
Q

Encode

A

To express or emit nonverbal behaviour such as smiling

46
Q

Decode

A

To interpret the meaning of nonverbal behaviour other people express such as deciding a smile was genuine

47
Q

Affect Blend

A

A facial expression in which one part if the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion

48
Q

Display Rules

A

Culturally determined rules about which emotional expression are appropriate to show

49
Q

Emblems

A

Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations, such as the “okay”sign

50
Q

Implicit Personality Theory

A

Type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together; for example, many people believe that if someone is kind, he or she is generous as well

51
Q

Attribution Theory

A

The study of how people explain the causes of their own and other peoples behaviour

52
Q

Internal Attribution

A

The inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about him or her, such as his or her attitude, character, or personality

53
Q

External Attribution

A

The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; the assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation

54
Q

Covariation Model

A

A theory stating that to form an attribution about what caused a person’s behaviour, we systematically note the pattern between the presence(or absence) of possible causal factors and whether or not the behaviour occurs

55
Q

Consensus Information

A

Information about the extent to which other people behave the same way the actor does toward the same stimulus

56
Q

Distinctiveness Information

A

Information about the extent to which the actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli

57
Q

Consistency Information

A

Information about the extent to which the behaviour between the actor and the stimulus is the same across time and circumstances

58
Q

Perceptual Salience

A

Information that is the focus of people’s attention; people tend to overestimate the causal role of perceptually salient information

59
Q

2 Step Attribution Process

A

Analyzing another person’s behaviour first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behaviour, after which one may adjust the original internal attribution

60
Q

Actor/Observer Differences

A

The tendency to see other people’s behaviour as dispositionally caused, while focusing more on the role of situational factors when explaining one’s own behaviour

61
Q

Self-Serving Attributions

A

The tendency to make internal dispositional attributions for our successes but blame failures on external, situational factors

62
Q

Defensive Attributions

A

Explanations for behaviour that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality

63
Q

Belief in a Just World

A

Form of defensive attribution wherein people assume bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people

64
Q

Bias Blind Spot

A

Tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases than we are

65
Q

Self-Concept

A

Overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes

66
Q

Self-Schemas

A

Organized body of knowledge about the self (attitudes, preferences) that influences what people notice, think and remember about themselves

67
Q

Independent View of the Self

A

Defining oneself in terms of ones own internal thoughts, feelings and actions, not in terms of the thoughts and feelings and actions of other people

68
Q

Introspection

A

Process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts feelings and motives

69
Q

Self-Awareness Theory

A

The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behaviour with their internal standards and values

70
Q

Casual Theories

A

Theories about the causesof one’s own feelings andbehaviours; typically, we learnsuch theories from our culture(e.g., “absence makes the heartgrow fonder”)

71
Q

Self-Perception Theory

A

The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behaviour and the situation in which it occurs

72
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures

73
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

The desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting

74
Q

Over-justification Effect

A

The case whereby people view their behaviour as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which their behaviour was caused by intrinsic reasons

75
Q

Task-Contigent Rewards

A

Rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the take is done

76
Q

Performance Contigent Rewards

A

Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

77
Q

Looking-Glass Self

A

The idea that we see ourselves through the yes of other people and incorporate their view onto our self-concept

78
Q

Social Comparison Theory

A

Idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves with other people

79
Q

Self-Control

A

Ability to subdue immediate desires to achieve long-term goals

80
Q

Implementation Intentions

A

Peoples specific plans about where, when and how they will fulfill a goal and avoid temptation

81
Q

Downward Social Comparison

A

Process whereby we compare ourselves with people whop are worse than we are in a particular trait or ability

82
Q

Upward Social Comparison

A

Process Whereby we compare ourselves with people who are better than we are at a particular trait or ability

83
Q

Sociometer Theory

A

Theory that self-esteem is a gauge that monitors the extent to which we are accepted or rejected by others

84
Q

Self-Enhancement

A

An unrealistically positive view of oneself

85
Q

Self Verification Theory

A

theory suggesting that people have a need to seek confirmation of their self-concept, whether the self-concept is positive or negative; in some circumstances, this tendency can conflict with the desire to up hold a favourable view of oneself

Social Psychology (3 decks)

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