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Textbook Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

The scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people

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2
Q

Construal

A

The way in which people perceive, comprehend and interpret the social world

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3
Q

Individual Differences

A

The aspects of peoples personalities that make them different from other people

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4
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which peoples behaviour stems from personality traits and to underestimate the role of situational factors

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5
Q

Behaviourism

A

A school of psych maintaining that to understand human behaviour, one need only consider reinforcing properties of the environment

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6
Q

Gestalt Psych

A

A school of psych stressing the importance of studying the subjective way in which an object appears in peoples minds, rather than the objective psychical attributes of the object

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7
Q

Self-Esteem

A

Peoples evaluations of their own self-worth

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8
Q

Social Cognition

A

How people think about themselves and the social world. How people select, interpret, remember and use social info to make judgement/decisions

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9
Q

Social Interpretation

A

To under-stand social influence, it is more important tounderstand how people perceive and interpret thesocial world than it is to understand that worldobjectively. The term construal refers to the worldas it is interpreted by the individual

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10
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could’ve predicted the outcome after knowing that it occurred

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11
Q

Theory

A

Set of organized principles that can be used to explain observed phenomena

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12
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable statement or idea about relationship of variables

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13
Q

Operational Definition

A

The precise specification of how variables are measured or manipulated

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14
Q

Observational Method

A

Technique where researcher observes people & systematically records measurements of behaviour

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15
Q

Ethnography

A

method where researcher attempts to understand a group of culture by observing it from the inside without imposing any preconceived notions

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16
Q

Archival Analysis

A

Observational method where researcher examine accumulated documents or archives of a culture

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17
Q

Correlation Method

A

The technique whereby researchers systematically measure two or more variables and assess the relation between them (i.e., how much one can be predicted from the other)

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18
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistic that assesses how well you can predict one variable based on another (e.g., how well you can predict people’s weight from their height

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19
Q

Random Selection

A

way of ensuring thata sample of people isrepresentative of a population,by giving everyone in thepopulation an equal chance ofbeing selected for the sample

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20
Q

Experimental Method

A

method in which theresearcher randomly assignsparticipants to differentconditions and ensures thatthese conditions are identicalexcept for the independentvariable (the one thoughtto have a causal effect onpeople’s responses)

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21
Q

Random Assignment to Condition

A

The process whereby all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment through random assignment, researchers can be relatively certain that differences in the participants’ personalities or backgrounds are distributed evenly across conditions

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22
Q

Probability Level (p-Value)

A

A number, calculated with statistical techniques, that tells researchers how likely it is that the results of their experiment occurred by chance and not because of the independent variable(s); the convention in science, including social psychology, is to consider results significant if the probability level is less than 5in 100 that the results might be attributable to chance factors and not the independent variables studied

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23
Q

Internal Validity

A

Ensuring that nothing other than the independent variable can affect the dependent variable; this is accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assigning people to different experimental condition

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24
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people

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25
Psychological Realism
The extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psychological processes that occur in everyday lifeCover StoryA description of the purpose of a study given to participants that is different from its true purpose; cover stories are used to maintain psychological realism
26
Cover Story
A description of the purpose of a study given to participants that is different from its true purpose; cover stories are used to maintain psychological realism
27
Basic Dilemma of the Social Psychologist
The trade-off between internaland external validity inconducting research
28
Automatic Thinking
Thinking that is generally unconscious, unintentional, involuntary and effortless
29
Schemas
Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember
30
Accessibility
The extent to which schemasand concepts are at theforefront of people’s mindsand are, therefore, likely to beused when making judgmentsabout the social world
31
Priming
The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait or concept
32
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
The case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations
33
Embodied Cognition
The process which bodily sensations activate mental structures such as schemas
34
Judgemental Heuristics
Mental shortcuts people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently
35
Availability Heuristics
A mental shortcut whereby people base a judgement on the ease with which they can bring info to mind
36
Representativeness Heuristics
A mental shortcut wherebypeople classify somethingaccording to how similar it isto a typical case
37
Base Rate Information
Info about the frequency of members of different categories in the pop.
38
Analytical Thinking Style
A type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context; this type of thinking is common in Western cultures
39
Holistic Thinking Style
A type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to one another; this type of thinking is common in East Asian culture
40
Controlled Thinking
Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary and effortful
41
Counterfactual Thinking
Mentally changing some aspects of the pastas a way of imagining what might have been
42
Overconfidence Barrier
People tend to have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgements, their judgements are usually not as correct as they think they are
43
Social Perception
Study of how we form impressions of other people and make inferences about them
44
Nonverbal Communication
The way in which peoplecommunicate, intentionallyor unintentionally, withoutwords; nonverbal cues includefacial expressions, tone ofvoice, gestures, body positionand movement, the use oftouch, and eye gaze
45
Encode
To express or emit nonverbal behaviour such as smiling
46
Decode
To interpret the meaning of nonverbal behaviour other people express such as deciding a smile was genuine
47
Affect Blend
A facial expression in which one part if the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion
48
Display Rules
Culturally determined rules about which emotional expression are appropriate to show
49
Emblems
Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations, such as the “okay”sign
50
Implicit Personality Theory
Type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together; for example, many people believe that if someone is kind, he or she is generous as well
51
Attribution Theory
The study of how people explain the causes of their own and other peoples behaviour
52
Internal Attribution
The inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about him or her, such as his or her attitude, character, or personality
53
External Attribution
The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; the assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation
54
Covariation Model
A theory stating that to form an attribution about what caused a person’s behaviour, we systematically note the pattern between the presence(or absence) of possible causal factors and whether or not the behaviour occurs
55
Consensus Information
Information about the extent to which other people behave the same way the actor does toward the same stimulus
56
Distinctiveness Information
Information about the extent to which the actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli
57
Consistency Information
Information about the extent to which the behaviour between the actor and the stimulus is the same across time and circumstances
58
Perceptual Salience
Information that is the focus of people’s attention; people tend to overestimate the causal role of perceptually salient information
59
2 Step Attribution Process
Analyzing another person’s behaviour first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behaviour, after which one may adjust the original internal attribution
60
Actor/Observer Differences
The tendency to see other people’s behaviour as dispositionally caused, while focusing more on the role of situational factors when explaining one’s own behaviour
61
Self-Serving Attributions
The tendency to make internal dispositional attributions for our successes but blame failures on external, situational factors
62
Defensive Attributions
Explanations for behaviour that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality
63
Belief in a Just World
Form of defensive attribution wherein people assume bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people
64
Bias Blind Spot
Tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases than we are
65
Self-Concept
Overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes
66
Self-Schemas
Organized body of knowledge about the self (attitudes, preferences) that influences what people notice, think and remember about themselves
67
Independent View of the Self
Defining oneself in terms of ones own internal thoughts, feelings and actions, not in terms of the thoughts and feelings and actions of other people
68
Introspection
Process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts feelings and motives
69
Self-Awareness Theory
The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behaviour with their internal standards and values
70
Casual Theories
Theories about the causesof one’s own feelings andbehaviours; typically, we learnsuch theories from our culture(e.g., “absence makes the heartgrow fonder”)
71
Self-Perception Theory
The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behaviour and the situation in which it occurs
72
Intrinsic Motivation
The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures
73
Extrinsic Motivation
The desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting
74
Over-justification Effect
The case whereby people view their behaviour as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which their behaviour was caused by intrinsic reasons
75
Task-Contigent Rewards
Rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the take is done
76
Performance Contigent Rewards
Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task
77
Looking-Glass Self
The idea that we see ourselves through the yes of other people and incorporate their view onto our self-concept
78
Social Comparison Theory
Idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves with other people
79
Self-Control
Ability to subdue immediate desires to achieve long-term goals
80
Implementation Intentions
Peoples specific plans about where, when and how they will fulfill a goal and avoid temptation
81
Downward Social Comparison
Process whereby we compare ourselves with people whop are worse than we are in a particular trait or ability
82
Upward Social Comparison
Process Whereby we compare ourselves with people who are better than we are at a particular trait or ability
83
Sociometer Theory
Theory that self-esteem is a gauge that monitors the extent to which we are accepted or rejected by others
84
Self-Enhancement
An unrealistically positive view of oneself
85
Self Verification Theory
theory suggesting that people have a need to seek confirmation of their self-concept, whether the self-concept is positive or negative; in some circumstances, this tendency can conflict with the desire to up hold a favourable view of oneself

Social Psychology (3 decks)

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