TFN Flashcards
Conceptual Models
Grand Nursing Theories
Henderson
Need theory - to maintain or sustain himself comfortably or capably in his situation. If the individual does not dee that they need help, they may not take any action to resolve the situation that affect health and wellness
3 levels of nurse patient relationship
1. substitute for the patient
2. helper to the patient
3. partner with the patient
14 components
1. Breathe Normally
2. Eat and Drink Adequately
3. Eliminate Body wastes
4. Move and maintain desirable postures
5. Sleep and Rest
6. Select suitable clothes - dress and undress
7. Maintain body temperaturing by adjusting clothing and modyfyng environment
8.Keep body clean and well groomed and protect the integument
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others
10. communicate with others
11. worship according to one’s faith
12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment
13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation
14. Learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use available health facilities
Hall
Core, Care, Culture :
Care - aspect of nursing that is concerns with intimate bodily care ex. bathing feeding toileting positioning moving dressing undressing
Cure - shared with medicine. Assume medical functions
Core - emphasizes social emotional spiritual and intellectual needs of the patient
(?) Ernestine Widenbach
The Helping art of clinical nursing
When action is goal-directed, then practice becomes theory-based
3 ingredients
1. Central Purpose - reverence for the gift of life; Respect for the dignity, autonomy, worth and individuality of each
human being; Resolution to act dynamically in relation
to one’s beliefs
2. Prescription - Specifies the nature of the action that will most likely
lead to fulfillment of the nurse’s central purpose in
nursing: 1. Mutually understood and agreed upon 2. Patient-directed 3. Nurse-directed
3. Realities - physical, pysiological, emotional and spiritual that are at play in a situation in which nursing action occurs at any given moment: Agent, Recipient, Framework, Goal, Means
Goal:
1. Goal-in-intent
2. Goal-in-application
3. Goal-in- execution
Practice of Dynamic Nursing model: How to identify needs:
1. Observing consistency of behaviors
2. Exploring the meaning of their behavior
3. Determining cause of their discomfort
4. Determining whether they can resolve their problems/ need for help
Nola J. Pender
Health Promotion Model
Assumptions:
- Persons have the capacity for reflective self-awareness
Major Assumptions
- Individuals in all their biophycho-social complexity interact with
the environment, progressively transforming the environment
and being transformed over time
Individual Characteristics and Experiences
1. Prior Related Behavior - frequency of the same or similar behavior in the past
2. Personal Factors - biological, psychological, socio-cultural
Behavioral - specific cognitions and affects
1. perceived benefits of actions - anticipated positive outcomes resulting from health behavior
2. Perceived Barriers to Action - anticipated, imagined, real blocks and personal costs of undertaking a given behavior
3. perceived self-efficacy - judgement of personal capability to organize and execute a health-promoting behavior
4. Activity reltaed affect - subjective positive or negative feelings that occur before, during and after behavior
Influences:
1. interpersonal - cognitions concerning behaviors, beliefs or attitudes
2. Situational - personal perceptions and cognitions of any given situation or context that can facilitate or impede behavior
Behavioral Outcomes
1. Commitment to a plan of action - concept of intention and identification of planned strategy
2. Immediate competing demands and preferences - alternative behaviors over which individuals have low control, due to
3. Health Promoting Behavior - end point or action outcome that is directed toward attaining positive outcomes
Leininger
Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Major Tents:
1. Commonalities - Cultural care diversities and similarities exist within and between cultures
2. Worldview and social structure factors - includes religion, political, and economic consideration
3. Professional and Generic Care - care differences and similarities with professional and generic knowledge and practice influence health
Transcultural nursing - holistic culture care
Modalities:
1. Culture care preservation/maintenace
2. Culture care accomodation. negotiation
3. Culture care restructuring or repatterning
Purpose: to discover, document, analyze, and interpret cultural and caring factors influencing human beings
Goal: use research-based knowledge to provide cultural care
HUMAN CARE AND CARING - Abstract and manifest phenomena with expressions of assistive, supportive, enabling and facilitating ways to help
CULTURE - Patterned lifeways, values, beliefs, norms, symbols and
practices that are learned, shared and transmitted
CULTURE CARE- Synthesized and culturally assistive, supportive, enabling or
facilitative caring acts toward self or others
CULTURE CARE DIVERSISTY - Cultural variability or differences in care beliefs, meaning, patterns, values, symbols and lifeways
CULTURE CARE UNIVERSALITY - commonalities based on care meanings
WORLDVIEW - way an individual or group looks out on and understands the world
Cultural and social structure dimensions
1. Environmental context
2. Ethnohistory
3. EMIC
4. ETIC
5. HEALTH
Sunrise enabler
Parse
Human becoming
Meaning - Human becoming is
freely choosing
personal meaning in
situations in the
intersubjective
process of relating
value priorities
Rhythmicity - Human
becoming is
cocreating
rhythmical
patterns of
relating in open
interchange with
the universe
Transcendence - Cotranscending
with the possible
is powering
originating in the
process of
transforming
Boykin and Schoenhofer’s
Caring: a model for transforming practice
Caring - An altruistic, active
expression of love and is
the intentional and
embodied recognition of
value and connectedness
Focus - nurturing persons living and growing in caring
Intention - known persons as caring and to support and sustain them as they live caring
Metaparadigm:
Person - fundamentally, potentially and actually each person is caring even though every act might not be understood as caring
Nursing situation - shared, lived experience in
which caring between nurse and nursed enhances
personhood
Personhood - process of living that is grounded in
caring
Call for nursing - call for nurturance perceived in
the mind of the nurse
Caring between - when the nurse enters the world of the other person with
the intention of knowing the other as a
caring person
Nursing Response - co-created in the immediacy of what truly matters and is a specific expression of caring nurturance to
sustain and enhance the other
Method of knowing nursing and a medium for all forms of nursing inquiry
Dance of caring persons
Meleis
Transitions Theory
Transitions - passage from one fairly stable state to another fairly
stable state and it is a process triggered by change
Major concepts:
Role insufficiency -any difficulty in the cognizance and/or performance of a
role or of the sentiments and goals associated with the role behavior as perceived by the self or by significant others
Role supplementation - any deliberate process through which role
insufficiency or potential role insufficiency can be identified by the incumbent role
and significant others
Types of Transitions:
1. Developmental transitions - birth, adolescnece, menopause, aging, death
2, Situational transitions - changes in educational and professional
roles, changes in family situations (e.g., divorce, widowhood), or
changes in living arrangements (e.g., move to a nursing home,
homelessness
3. Health - illness transitions—recovery process, hospital discharge,
diagnosis of chronic illness
4. Organizational transition - changing environmental conditions that affect the lives of clients; may be social, political, or economic
Propoerties of transition experiences:
1. Awareness - perception, knowledge and recognition of transition experience
2. Engagement - degree to which a person demonstrates involvement in the process inherent in the transition
3. Change and difference - change is something that brings a sense of movement or direcition to internal as well as external processes and differences includes dissimilar expectation, worldview
4. Critical points and events - markers such as birth, death, cessation of manstruation, diagnosis of illness, linked to intensifying awareness of changes
Patterns of response
1. Process indicators - direct clietns into health or toward vulnerability
2. Outcome indicators - used to check whether a transition is a healthy one
Nursing Therapeutics
1. Assessment of Readiness - an interdisciplinary effort and based on full understanding of the client
2. Preparation for transition - education as the main modality for generating the best
condition to be ready for a transition
3. Role Supplementation - use of education and practice to facilitate the transitional
process
Newman
Health as Expanding Consciousness - Health encompasses conditions heretofore described
as illness or, in medical terms, pathology
Major concepts
1. CONSCIOUSNESS. - capacity of the system to interact
and includes thinking, feeling, and processing the
information
2. EXPANDING CONSCIOUSNESS – increasing complexity
of the living system resulting in transformation and
discovery
3. INTEGRATION VIA MOVEMENT – natural condition of
living creatures
4. PATTERN – a scheme, design or framework seen in
person-environment interactions
5. TIME AND SPACE – temporal patterns that are specific to
individuals and define their ways of being within their
world
Erikson, Tomlin, and Swain
Modeling and Role-modeling- Unconditional acceptance of the person as a human in the process
of Being and Becoming is basic to the Modeling and Role-Modeling
paradigm
How people are alike:
1. Holism - human beings with multiple interacting subsystems including genetic makeup and
spiritual drive. Body, mind, emotion and spirit are a total unit
2. Basic Needs - all human beings have basic needs that can be satisfied, but only from within
the framework of the individual
3. Lifetime Development - includes both psychological stages and cognitive stages
4. Affiliated individuation - need to be able to depend on support systems while
simultaneously maintaining independence from these support systems
How people are different:
1. Inherent endowment- genetic
make-up and inherited characteristics
influence growth and development
2. Adaptation - occurs as the individual
responds to external and internal
stressors in a health-directed and growth-
directed manner
3. Mind-body-emotion-spirit-relationships
Self care:
1. Self-care knowledge - at some level, a person knows what has made him or
her sick, lessened his or her effectiveness, or interfered with his or her growth
2. Self-care resoruces -internal resources, as well as additional resources,
mobilized through self-care action that help gain, maintain, and promote an optimum
level of holistic health
3. Self-care action -development and utilization of self-care knowledge and self-
care resources
Abdella
21 Nursing Problems
Husted and Husted
Symphonological Bioethical Theory - the study of agreements and the elements necessary
to forming agreements”. In health care, it is the study of agreements
between health care professionals and patients
Major concepts:
Agency - capacity of an agent to initiate action toward a chosen goal
Context - interweaving of the relevant fact of a situation
Agreement - shared state of awareness based on which interaction occurs
Rights - the product of an implicit agreement among rational beings
Bioethical standards
1. Autonomy - every person has the right to act on his/her unique and independent purposes
2. Beneficence - capability to act to acquire desired benefits and necessary life requirements
3. Fidelity - individual’s faithfulness to his.her own uniqueness
4. freedom - capability and right to take action based on the agent’s own evaluation of the situation
5. Objectivity - right to achieve and sustain the exercise of objective awareness
Decision - Making model
Peplau
Theory of Interpersonal Relationship:
Nurse must consciously observe:
1. his or her own behaviors
2. The behaviors demonstrated by the patient
3. the type and quality of relations that occur between nurse and patient
Phases or nurse-patient relationship
1. on admission
2. during intensive treatment period
3. Convalescence and rehabilitation
4. Discharge
