TFN 1st and 2nd Lesson

Question 1

Drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone without anesthesia was a last resort to drive evil
spirits from the body of the afflicted

Answer 1

TREPANNING OR TREPHINING

Question 2

Nursing care was performed without any formal education and
by people who were directed by more experienced nurses.

Answer 2

Period of “on-the-job training”.

Question 3

What went down when nursing was at its lowest level

Answer 3

➢ wrath/anger of Protestantism, confiscated properties of hospitals and schools
connected with Roman Catholicism.
➢ Nurses fled their lives; soon there was shortage of people to care for the sick
➢ Hundreds of hospitals closed; there was no provision for the sick
➢ Nursing became the work of the least desirable women - prostitutes, alcoholics,
prisoners

Question 4

who established the Kaiserswerth Institute for the
training of Deaconesses (the 1st formal training school for nurses) in Germany.

Answer 4

Pastor Theodor Fliedner and his wife, Friederike

Question 5

Where did Florence Nightingale received her 3 months course of study in nursing

Answer 5

Kaiserswerth

Question 6

The school served as a model for other training schools. Its graduates traveled to other
countries to manage hospitals and institute nurse-training programs.

Answer 6

St. Thomas
Hospital in London

Question 7

Who asked Florence to recruit female nurses to provide care for the sick and injured in the Crimean War

Answer 7

Sir Sidney Herbert of the British War department

Question 8

is used to generate rationalist view which starts from the
general to specific knowledge.

Answer 8

Deductive type of reasoning

Question 9

It makes use of reason gained thru expert study, tested theory and established facts to evidently prove
something. Emphasizes the use of reasoning for the main purpose of knowing the harm or benefits of
an act to an individual.

Answer 9

Rationalism

Question 10

It makes use of objective and tangible data or those that are perceived by the senses (smell,
sight, taste and feeling) to observe and collect data. These data are then used to formulate general
knowledge which is the inductive type of reasoning.

Answer 10

Empiricism

Question 11

is a system of concepts and practices put in place to inform meaningful actions in
the nursing field, such as how to treat patients, how to communicate with patient families, and how to
organize nursing responsibilities. Though there are many theories, they don’t all serve the same exact
purpose. Some apply to the greater whole of all nursing, while others function only under certain
circumstances or conditions.

Answer 11

Nursing theory

Question 12

Nursing practice which is passed down from generation to generation

Answer 12

Traditional Knowledge

Question 13

An idea by a person of authority which is perceived as true because of his or her expertise.

Answer 13

Authoritative knowledge

Question 14

Came from a scientific method through research wherein new ideas are tested and measured
systematically using objective criteria

Answer 14

Scientific knowledge

Question 15

is based on objective evidence obtained by the senses; it
requires validation and verification by others.

Answer 15

Empirical

Question 16

examines philosophical premises of justice and seeks credibility through
logical justification.

Answer 16

Ethical

Question 17

• is used for creativity, form, structure, and beauty through criticism of the
  meaning of the creative process and product.

Answer 17

Esthetic

Question 18

integrates and analyzes current interpersonal situations with
past experiences and knowledge.

Answer 18

Personal knowledge

Question 19

is a “dynamic discipline. It is an art and a science of caring for individuals, families, groups &
communities geared toward promotion & restoration of health, prevention of illness, alleviation of suffering
& assisting clients to face death with dignity & peace.

Answer 19

Nursing

Question 20

• Information, skills and expertise acquired by a person through various life experiences, or
  through formal/informal learning
• The abstract or workable understanding of a subject or idea
• What is known in a particular field of discipline or study
• Facts and information or awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or
  situation

Answer 20

KNOWLEDGE

Question 21

is what improves care if the nurse is aware of the best knowledge or evidence to use
in practice.

Answer 21

Knowledge

Question 22

are patterns or models used to show a clear relationship among the existing theoretical
works in nursing. It embodies knowledge base, theory, philosophy, research, practice and educational
experience & literature identified with the profession.

Answer 22

Nursing Paradigms

Question 23

Greek word “meta”

Answer 23

with

Question 24

Greek word “paradeigm”

Answer 24

= “pattern”

Question 25

is the highest level of knowledge. It is the most abstract aspect of the structure of nursing knowledge

Answer 25

Metaparadigm

Question 26

FOUR CONCEPTS to be central to Nursing

Answer 26

Person Environment Health Nursing

Question 27

is the next knowledge level after metaparadigm. It specifies the definition of metaparadigm concepts in each conceptual models of nursing.

Answer 27

Philosophy

Question 28

is a representation of an idea or body of knowledge based on the own understanding or perception of a person or researcher on a certain topic, phenomena or theory. It can be represented by diagram or narrative form which shows how concepts are interrelated

Answer 28

conceptual model

Question 29

is “a creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena”.

Answer 29

Theory

Question 30

underscores the role of human imagination and vision in theory development, but caution that the creative processes are also rigorous, systematic, and disciplined.

Answer 30

Creative

Question 31

open to revision as new evidence emerges.

Answer 31

Tentative

Question 32

is an organized system or supposition of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon of accepted knowledge intended to explain a set of fact, event or phenomena.

Answer 32

Theory

Question 33

Components of a Theory

Answer 33

Concept Proposition Definition Assumption

Question 34

- it describes how to break whole things into parts and then learn how the parts works together in systems

Answer 34

General system theory

Question 35

the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions

Answer 35

Adaptation theory

Question 36

- it outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death.

Answer 36

Developmental theory

Question 37

are abstract, broad in scope, and complex, therefore requiring further research for clarification. do not provide guidance for specific nursing interventions but rather provide a general framework and ideas about nursing.

Answer 37

Grand theories

Question 38

More limited in scope (as compared to grand theories) and present concepts and propositions at a lower level of abstraction. They address a specific phenomenon in nursing. Due to the difficulty of testing grand theories, nursing scholars proposed using this level of theory. Are based on the works of a grand theorist but they can be conceived from research, nursing practice, or the theories of other disciplines.

Answer 38

Middle-Range Nursing Theories

Question 39

are situation specific theories that are narrow in scope and focuses on a specific patient population at a specific time. It provide frameworks for nursing interventions and suggest outcomes or the effect of nursing practice.

Answer 39

Practice nursing theories

Question 40

based around helping individuals to fulfill their physical and mental needs

Answer 40

Needs theory

Question 41

revolves around the relationship of nurses with the patients.

Answer 41

Interaction theory

Question 42

nurse as changing force, who enables individual to adapt or to cope with ill health.

Answer 42

Outcome theory

Question 43

in response to the psychoanalytic thought that a person’s destiny was determined in early life.

Answer 43

Humanistic theory

Question 44

Is the most abstract type and sets forth the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical presentation. Works of Nightingale, Watson, Ray, and Benner are categorized under this group.

Answer 44

Nursing Philosophy

Question 45

Are comprehensive nursing theories that are regarded by some as pioneers in nursing. These theories address the nursing metaparadigm and explain the relationship between them. Conceptual models of Levine, Rogers, Roy, King, and Orem are under this group.

Answer 45

Nursing Conceptual Models

Question 46

Are works derived from nursing philosophies, conceptual models, and other grand theories that are generally not as specific as middle-range theories.

Answer 46

Grand Nursing Theories.

Question 47

Are precise and answer specific nursing practice questions. They address the specifics of nursing situations within the perspective of the model or theory from which they are derived. Examples of Middle-Range theories are that of Mercer, Reed, Mishel, and Barker.

Answer 47

Middle-Range Theories