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EANS > Thalamus > Flashcards

Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation from body and face go to different nuclei of Thalamus. Which?

A

face – VPM
body – VPL

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2
Q

Where does the Medial dorsal Thalamic nucleus do?

A

Attention, planning, organization, abstract thinking, multi-tasking, and active memory

*It relays inputs from the amygdala and olfactory cortex
projects to the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system and in turn relays them to the prefrontal association cortex.

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3
Q

From where does afferents go to The anterior nucleus (the anterior nuclear group) and where do they project?

A

From the mamillary nucleus To the cingulate gyrus

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4
Q

Where does efferents from The anterior nucleus go?

A

To the cingulate gyri

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5
Q

What function is going from the mamillary nucleus to the anterior nucleus of Thalamus and further on to the cingulate gyri?

A

Emotions and behaviour

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6
Q

What is the loop mamillary nucleus-anterior nucleus-cingulate gyri transfering emotions and behaviour information called?

A

Its the Papez circuit

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7
Q

Where does the centromedial nuclei send efferents?

A
  • basal nuclei
  • subthalamus
  • substantia nigra

it is functioning in consert with the basal nuclei.

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8
Q

From where are afferents to the ventrolateral nucleus?

A

From the cerebellar nuclei and globus pallidus

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9
Q

To where are efferents send from the VLN?

A

To area 4 - the premotorcortex.

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10
Q

From where are afferents to the ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim) coming?

A

From the dentate nucleus.

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11
Q

Where are efferents from the ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim) send?

A

Efferent tracts arise from Vim and project principally to the primary motor cortex (M1) (Jones, 2007), with minor projections to the SMA, pre-SMA and premotor cortex (Sakai, 2013).

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12
Q

What is the name of the pathway connecting Vim to …from ….?

A

Collectively, the pathway connecting dentate to motor cortex via the Vim is known as the dentato-thalamo-cortical pathway (DTCp)

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13
Q

To what Thalamic nucleus is afferents send from cerebellar nuclei and efferents to Area 4?

A

Vim (Ventral intermediate nucleus)

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14
Q

Where is Vim situated in correlation to VPL and VL nucleus?

A

It is in the intermediate zone between the ventral posterior lateral and ventral lateral nuclei.

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15
Q

From where does the VL N (ventrolateral) recive afferents and send efferents?

A

Afferents: Both ipsilateral and contralateral cerebellothalamic fibres.
Efferents: To Area 4 (motorcortex)

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16
Q

Which are the anterior nuclei of thalamus?

A

*AnterioVentral
*Anteriodorsal
*Anteriomedial

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17
Q

Which are the lateral nuclei of thalamus?

A
  • medial and lateral geniculate nuclei
    -THE DORSAL GROUP-
  • Lateral dorsal
  • Lateral posterior
  • Pulvinar
    -THE VENTRAL GROUP-
  • Ventral anterior
  • Ventral lateral
  • Ventral posterior
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18
Q

In what nucleus are parvocellular and magnocellular parts present?

A

Dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus

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19
Q

What R the 3 parts of the medial thalamus called?

A

Intrathalamic adhesion
Median
Medial

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20
Q

Where are rhomboid reuniens and paratsenial nuclei located?

A

In The periventricular nucleus of Thalamus

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21
Q

What are the three entities constituting the diencephalon?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Thalamus
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22
Q

Describe the gross OUTER anatomy of Thalamus

A

Its a twosided egg shaped symmetrical mass, situated on each side of the third ventricle. Connected by a band of GREY matter called the interthalamic adhesion.

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23
Q

Describe the gross INNER anatomy of thalamus

A

Each side of thalamus is divided intp three main areas that each contain a collection of nuclei - anterior, -lateral and -medial part. They are separated by a Y shaped vertical sheet of white matter called the internal medullary lamina.

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24
Q

What does the internal medullary lamina contain?

A

It contains a group of nuclei called the “iinterlaminar nuclei”.

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25
Q

Where are the paraventricular and the thalamic reticular nucleus situated grossly?

A
  • The paraventricular nuclei is scattered in the periventricular gray matter that separates the medial part of the thalamus from the ependyma of the third ventricle.
  • The thalamic reticular nucleus envelopes each lateral aspect of the thalamus.
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26
Q

I relation till apex av huvudet, var finns de dorsala kärnorna i thalamus?

A

De finns närmast apex, alltså så som jag ser det, uppåt i Thalamus.

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27
Q

There are three functional groups of Thalamus nuclei. What are they called?

A
  • Relay nuclei
  • Association nuclei
  • Nonspecific nuclei
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28
Q

What “are” the functions of the nonspecific nuclei?

A

They show broad and diffuse projections throughout the cerebral cortex and are belived to be involved in general functions such as consiousness and attention.

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29
Q

How do the association nuclei project and what are their function?

A

They recieve info from the cerebral cortex and project back to ASSOCIATION areas. They regulate the integration and interpretation of the sensory information.

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30
Q

Which are the three association nuclei?

A
  • Anterior nucleus
  • Pulvinar nucleus
  • Dorsomedial nucleus.
31
Q

Name 5 Relay nuclei.

A
  • VA - The ventral anterior nucleus
  • VL - The ventral lateral nucleus
  • VP - The ventral posterior nucleus
  • The medial geniculate nucleus
  • The lateral geniculate nucleus
32
Q

What is the anterior border to Thalamus?

A

The interventricular foramen of Monro and the internal cerebral vein

33
Q

What is the posterior border to Thalamus? What interesting relations are there in this area (name 8)?

A

*The atrium of the lateral ventricle.
*Stria terminalis,
*choroid plexus of third ventricle,
*body of fornix,
*internal cerebral vein, superior *thalamostriate vein,
*caudate nucleus,
*internal capsule,
*corpora quadrigemini and
*splenium of corpus callosum.

34
Q

What is the medial border of Thalamus?

A

The third ventricle

35
Q

What is the lateral border of Thalamus?

A

The posterior limb of the internal capsule.

36
Q

What is the dorsal border of Thalamus?

A

The floor of the lateral ventricle, stria medullaris

37
Q

What is the ventral border of Thalamus?

A

Its the hypothalamic sulcus on the lateral wall of third ventricle (separates it from the hypothalamus)

38
Q

What is the function of the medial geniculate body?

A

Its processing auditory inputs.

39
Q

Name inferior interesting relations anatomically to Thalamus.

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Cerebral aqueduct
  • Tegmentum
40
Q

There is a dorsal cover of Thalamus. What is it called?

A

Its the stratum zonale.

41
Q

There are 5 veins that coalesce to form the internal cerebral vein at the anterior end of Thalamus. Which are they?

A

STACS-
S- superior striate
T-Thalamostriate
A- Anterior terminal
C- Choroidal
S- Septal

42
Q

Where, in relation to Thalamus, does the internal cerebral vein run?

A

Along the dorso(topmost)medial length of the Thalamus.

43
Q

Where, in relation to Thalamus, does the thalamostriate vein run?

A

It runs along the dorsolateral (upper-outer surface of thalamus) length of Thalamus

44
Q

What is situated superficial to the stratum zonale of Thalamus?

A

The caudate nucleus.
- The head of the caudate nucleus lies anterosuperiorly to the thalamus with the body travelling superior and laterally to the body of the thalamus.

45
Q

Where, in/on Thalamus, is the reticular nucleus situated?

A

It is lateral to the external medullary lamina.

46
Q

lateral to the reticular nucleus is another very important structure. Which?

A

The posterior limb of capsula interna.

47
Q

What is the location of the pulvinars in relation to the pineal gland?

A

They are both lateral to the pineal gland.

48
Q

The Habenular and the posterior commissure are both in the same direction to the pulvinar of Thalamus. What direction?

A

They are, just as the pineal gland, both medial to the pulvinars. (situated in between the pulvinars)

49
Q

What Thalamic structures are located just inferiorly and lateral to the pulvinar?

A

The medial and lateral geniculate bodies.

50
Q

What structure is lying anteroinferiorly to Thalamus and what is inbetween them?

A

Hypothalamus. Inbetween is the hypothalamic sulcus.

51
Q

What is situated just directly inferior to Thalamus?

A

The Cerebral peduncle and the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvi.

52
Q

The inferior surface of Thalamus is continous with another structure. Which?

A

Tegmentum of the midbrain, between the cerebral peduncle and the quadrigeminal plate.

53
Q

What does Tegmentum mean?

A

Floor.

54
Q

What three parts of the brain send afferent fibers to the ventral anterior and the ventral lateral nuclei?

A
  • cerebellum
  • Substantia Nigra
  • Globus Pallidus
55
Q

What are the ventral lateral and the Ventral anterior nuclei of Thalamus usually called?

A

Motor Thalamus

56
Q

What thalamic nucleus sends fibres to the limbic system (the cingulate gyri)?

A

Anterior nuclei

57
Q

Which nucleus of Thalamus connects to the motor cortex?

A

The ventral lateral nucleus, (The ventral anterior-mostly premotorcortex) and the Vim.

58
Q

Which nuclei of the thalamus relay info to the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

The ventral posterolateral -VPL and the ventral posteromedial -VPM nuclei.

59
Q

What structures compose metathalmus?

A

The medial and lateral geniculate body.

60
Q

Absence EP can be due to involvement of one of the Thalamic nuclei. Which?

A

THalamic reticular nucleus

61
Q

What Thalamic structure is closely linked to social behaviour and the PREfrontal cortex?

A

The mediodorsal nucleus

62
Q

Which thalamic nuclei are involved in sleep wake regulation and focused consciousness?

A
  • Thalamic reticular nucleus
  • Intralaminar nucleus
63
Q

Which thalamic nuclei might be ivolved in paralysis and disorder or the initiation of movement?

A
  • Ventral lateral nucleus
  • Ventral Anterior nucleus
64
Q

Which thalamic nuclei does not show connection to specific areas of the cortex?

A
  • intralaminar nuclei of thalamus
  • thalamic reticular nucleus
65
Q

Which nucleus of thalamus connects mainly to the premotor cortex?

A

The VA - ventral anterior nucleus

66
Q

Which part of thalamus recieves sensory fibres from the spinal cord?

A

The ventral posterolateral VPL nucleus

67
Q

What thalamic nucleus connects primarily to the preFRONTAL cortex?

A

the mediodorsal nucleus

68
Q

What nucleus recieves sensory fibers from the spinal cord?

A

Ventral posterolateral nucleus

69
Q

Where is Vim situated?

A

at the inferior edge of ventro-lateral nucleus

70
Q

How does Vim look like?

A

Its a wedge-shaped area

71
Q

what nucleus is mostly used for Parkinson surgery?

A

Actually, thalamic targets are not most efficient for neither rigidity nor dyskinesias. GPi is the most efficient for rigidity and dyskinesia to dr Blomstedt and is also FDA approved.
But the subthalamic nucleus STN, can treat both tremors, akinesia, rigidity and dyskinesias and allow for decrease in doses of medicatons even in patients with advanced stages of Parkinsons diseae WHICH MAKES IT the PREFERED TARGET for DBS according to him. It is also FDA approved.

72
Q

Which is the most commonly used target for cervical dystonia DBS?

A

Its actually not thalamus, but GPi.

73
Q

What target is used for treating essential tremor using DBS?

A

Previously Vim was used. Today zona inserta is more common.
SO, for TREMORs targets in thalamus seem to be the most efficient.

EANS (31 decks)

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