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neuro exam 1 > Thalamus and Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Thalamus and Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

A

*transduces the light-dark cycle established by the sun to neural signals
*input from retina
*output via several hypothalamic nuclei
*increased activity of the suprachiasmatic nuclei INHIBITS melatonin production by the pineal gland via ANS

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2
Q

what hormones modulate the hypothalamic control of eating

A

1) ghrelin
2) leptin

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3
Q

ghrelin

A

*hormone from stomach that stimulates hunger

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4
Q

leptin

A

*long-term hormone secreted by fat that leads to decreased hunger and increased satiety (tells you when you are full)

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5
Q

posterior pituitary

A

*contains axon terminals
*hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus are stored in the posterior pituitary and released directly into blood supply
*ADH and oxytocin

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6
Q

anterior pituitary

A

*contains cells that synthesize hormones
*activated by hypothalamic releasing hormones
*releases “tropic” hormones that act on glands and tissues (FLAT PeG hormones)
*FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, GH

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7
Q

ACTH physiological effect

A

response to stress

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8
Q

TSH physiological effects

A

modulates metabolism

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9
Q

GH physiological effects

A

promotes growth

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10
Q

prolactin physiological effects

A

milk let down

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11
Q

FSH physiological effects

A

spermatogenesis
follicle growth/ovulation

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12
Q

LH physiological effects

A

egg release/ovulation
spermatogenesis

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13
Q

VPL (of thalamus) information

A

all sensory information (pain, temperature, touch, proprioception, vibration)

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14
Q

VPL (of thalamus) input

A

spinothalamic and dorsal column/medial lemniscus tracts

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15
Q

VPL (of thalamus) output

A

somatosensory cortex

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16
Q

VPM (of thalamus) information

A

sensory information from face
taste

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17
Q

VPM (of thalamus) input

A

trigeminal nerve
gustatory fibers

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18
Q

VPM (of thalamus) output

A

somatosensory cortex

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19
Q

LGN (of thalamus) information

A

vision

20
Q

LGN (of thalamus) input

A

optic nerve (CN II)

21
Q

LGN (of thalamus) output

A

calcarine fissure in occipital cortex

22
Q

MGN (of thalamus) information

A

hearing

23
Q

MGN (of thalamus) input

A

superior olive & inferior colliculus (hearing information)

24
Q

MGN (of thalamus) output

A

auditory cortex in temporal lobe

25
Q

ventrolateral nucleus (VL) of thalamus - information

A

motor

26
Q

ventrolateral nucleus (VL) of thalamus - input

A

basal ganglia

27
Q

ventrolateral nucleus (VL) of thalamus - output

A

motor cortex

28
Q

thalamic syndrome

A

*occurs when a lesion destroys the thalamus
*CONTRALATERAL sensory loss (face, arms, and legs; all sensory modalities lost)

29
Q

specific inputs to thalamus

A

inputs that are reliably relayed to cortex (inputs to VPL, VPM, LGN, MGN, etc)

30
Q

regulatory inputs to thalamus

A

inputs that contribute to decisions about what form of information leaves the thalamus (cortical inputs and reticular nucleus)

31
Q

outputs of thalamus

A

*largely excitatory to cortex
*local inhibitory circuits projecting to thalamic nuclei

32
Q

thalamic reticular nucleus

A

*a sheet of GABAergic (inhibitory) neurons that receives input from cortex and other thalamic nuclei
*does NOT project to cortex
*important source of regulatory input to nuclei in the thalamus

33
Q

general functions of hypothalamus (HEAL)

A

homeostasis, endocrine, autonomic, and limbic expression

34
Q

specific functions of hypothalamus (TANHATS)

A

-thirst and water balance
-adenohypophysis control (anterior pituitary)
-neurohypophysis control (posterior pituitary)
-hormones and hunger
-autonomic regulation
-temperature regulation
-sexual expression

35
Q

paraventricular and dorsal medial nuclei of hypothalamus - function

A

drive ANS function

36
Q

paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus - function

A

posterior pituitary function (synthesize ADH and oxytocin, the 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary)

37
Q

mammillary bodies of hypothalamus - function

A

limbic system

38
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus - function

A

circadian rhythym

39
Q

lateral hypothalamus - function

A

hunger (appetite generation - stimulated by ghrelin)

40
Q

medial hypothalamus - function

A

satiety (appetite suppression - stimulated by leptin)

41
Q

anterior hypothalamus - function

A

cooling (heat dissipation; vasodilation of vessels so heat will be lost)

42
Q

posterior hypothalamus - function

A

heating (heat conservation; vasoconstriction of vessels so heat is retained)

43
Q

OVLT (organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis)

A

*a group of cells with access to blood-brain barrier
*evaluates blood osmolarity and circulating pyrogens
*feeds information about blood to hypothalamus

44
Q

SFO (subfornical organ)

A

*a group of cells with access to blood-brain barrier
*evaluates blood osmolarity and many hormones
*feeds information about blood to hypothalamus

45
Q

SCO (subcommissural organ)

A

*a group of cells with access to blood-brain barrier
*evaluates osmoregulation
*feeds information about blood to hypothalamus

46
Q

area postrema

A

*a group of cells with access to blood-brain barrier
*evaluates toxins in blood and many hormones to cause vomiting if necessary (ex alcohol poisoning)
*feeds information about blood to hypothalamus

neuro exam 1 (22 decks)

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