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Neuro Exam 1 > Cortex > Flashcards

Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

components of a neuron

A
  1. cell body (soma)
  2. dendrites
  3. axon
  4. synapse
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2
Q

examples of glial cells

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. Schwann cells
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3
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

*cells responsible for myelination of axons in the CNS
*ONE oligodendrocyte can myelinate MULTIPLE axons from different neurons

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4
Q

schwann cells

A

*cells responsible for myelination of axons in the PNS
*MULTIPLE schwann cells myelinate a single axon

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5
Q

terms used to describe CNS AXONS BUNDLED TOGETHER

A

-white matter
-column
-tract
-funiculus
-fasciculus

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6
Q

terms used to describe CNS CELL BODIES GROUPED TOGETHER

A

-gray matter
-NUCLEI
-cell column
-horn

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7
Q

7 major anatomical components of the CNS

A
  1. spinal cord
  2. medulla
  3. pons
  4. midbrain
  5. cerebellum
  6. diencephalon
  7. cerebral hemisphere
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8
Q

components of the diencephalon

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
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9
Q

gray matter

A

regions of the nervous system populated by large numbers of CELL BODIES (soma)

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10
Q

white matter

A

regions of the nervous system that have large numbers of AXONS bound together

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11
Q

organization of gray and white matter in the cerebrum (brain)

A

*gray matter (cell bodies) are on the OUTSIDE
*white matter (axons) are on the INSIDE

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12
Q

granular areas of the cortex of the brain

A

areas designed to process INCOMING INFORMATION
example = sensory areas (visual cortex, auditory cortex, somatosensory cortex)

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13
Q

agranular areas of the cortex of the brain

A

areas designed to SEND INFORMATION OUT (generally motor information)
example = primary motor cortex

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14
Q

how many layers of the neocortex are there

A

6 layers

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15
Q

2 types of neurons in the CNS

A
  1. projection neurons
  2. interneurons
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16
Q

neocortex - layer 1

A

*MOLECULAR layer
*the outer surface of the cortex
*predominantly fiber pathways

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17
Q

neocortex - layers 2 and 4

A

*GRANULAR layers
*sensory/input

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18
Q

neocortex - layers 3 and 5

A

*pyramidal layers
*predominantly OUTPUTS

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19
Q

neocortex - layer 6

A

*polymorphic layer
*mixture of input and output

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20
Q

lobes of the cortex

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. occipital
  4. temporal
  5. limbic (not an anatomical lobe, more of a functional lobe)
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21
Q

prominent gyri of the brain

A

*precentral gyrus - motor (in the frontal lobe)
*postcentral gyrus - sensory (in the parietal lobe)

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22
Q

important sulci of the brain

A

*central
*calcarine
*lateral
*parietooccipital
*cingulate

23
Q

internal capsule

A

serves as the fiber tract of axons that travel in and out of the cerebrum related to underlaying subcortical structures

24
Q

homunculus organization of somatosensory and motor cortexes

A

MEDIAL TO LATERAL: feet > legs > torso > arms > hands > face > teeth > tongue

25
Q

what does the magnification observed in the neural homunculus relate to

A

*relates to the DISTRIBUTION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS on your skin (feet, hands, and face are big because we have more sensory fibers there)
-think of the 2-point discrimination test

26
Q

damage to upper motor neurons result in what form of deficit

A

HYPERreflexia (spasticity)

27
Q

damage to lower motor neurons results in what type of deficit

A

HYPOreflexia (flaccidity)

28
Q

limbic “edge” cortex

A

portions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes forming the “border cortex” around the diencephalon and brainstem

29
Q

functions of the limbic system

A

HOME:
H - homeostasis (hypothalamus)
O - olfaction (olfactory cortex)
M - memory (hippocampal formation)
E - emotion (amygdala)

30
Q

limbic circuitry - “Papez ciruit”

A

SUBICULUM -> FORNIX -> MAMMILLARY BODY -> ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI -> INTERNAL CAPSULE -> CINGULATE -> PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS -> ENTORHINAL CORTEX & HIPPOCAMPUS
1. fibers arising from subiculum travel in the fornix to the mamillary body
2. the mammillary bodies project to the anterior thalamic nuclei
3. anterior thalamic nucleus projects to the cingulate gyrus via the internal capsule
4. the cingulate gyrus projects to the para-hippocampal gyrus and then anteriorly to the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
5. entorhinal cortex has bidirectional access to association cortex

31
Q

limbic system and olfaction

A
  1. receptors in the olfactory epithelium project through cribriform plate and synapse on a group of cells in the olfactory bulb
  2. project back and send inputs primarily to piriform cortex, periamygdaloid cortex, and amygdala
32
Q

implicit (declarative) vs. explicit memory

A

*explicit memory is FACTS/EVENTS
*implicit memory is skills, habits, priming, reflexes, and simple classical conditioning

33
Q

3 pathways of emotions

A
  1. emotional memory pathway
  2. endocrine / autocrine pathway
  3. olfaction pathways
34
Q

emotional memory pathway - key structures

A

*orbitofrontal cortex
*nucleus accumbens
*temporal lobe

35
Q

endocrine / autocrine pathway of emotion - key structures

A

*hypothalamus
*brainstem autonomic nuclei
*diffuse systems

36
Q

olfaction pathway of emotion - key structures

A

*olfactory structures
*hypothalamus
*thalamus

37
Q

2 major limbic circuits

A
  1. hippocampal circuit
  2. amygdala circuit
38
Q

hippocampal circuit of the limbic system - role

A

*allows you to develop LONG-TERM memories (explicit memory and learning)

39
Q

damage to the hippocampal circuit of the limbic system results in

A

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA (inability to develop NEW memories)

40
Q

hippocampal circuit of the limbic system - structures

A
  1. fornix
  2. anterior nucleus of the thalamus
  3. cingulate cortex
41
Q

amygdala circuit of the limbic system - role

A

emotional significance of memory and learning

42
Q

damage to the amygdala circuit of the limbic system results in

A

impaired ability to RECOGNIZE EMOTIONS

43
Q

amygdala circuit of the limbic system - structures

A
  1. Stria Terminalis
  2. mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
  3. orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
44
Q

3 higher order functions of cortex

A
  1. executive functions
  2. spatial processing
  3. language
45
Q

region of the cortex responsible for executive functions

A

*PREFRONTAL CORTEX
-anterior to motor cortex, premotor cortex, and limbic areas
-shares interconnectivity with limbic cortex, amygdala, and hippocampal formations
-receives and sends projections to the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus

46
Q

executive functions of the prefrontal cortex

A
  1. restraint - inhibition of inappropriate behaviors
  2. initiative - motivation to pursue positive or productive activities
  3. order - the capacity to correctly perform sequencing tasks and a variety of other cognitive operations
47
Q

2 major pathways of the prefrontal cortex

A
  1. dorsolateral - working memory
  2. ventromedial - impulse control
48
Q

dominant (usually left) hemisphere functions

A
  1. language
  2. skilled motor formulation
  3. arithmetic - sequential and analytical calculating skills
  4. musical ability - sequential and analytical skills in trained musicians
  5. sense of direction - following a set of written directions in sequence
49
Q

nondominant (usually right) hemisphere functions

A
  1. prosody (emotion conveyed by tone of voice)
  2. visual-spatial analysis and spatial attention
  3. arithmetic - ability to correctly line up columns of numbers on the page
  4. musical ability - in untrained musicians and for complex musical pieces in trained musicians
  5. sense of direction - finding one’s way by overall sense of spatial direction
50
Q

spatial processing is largely attributed to which hemisphere

A

NON-dominant hemisphere (usually the right hemisphere)

51
Q

general pathway of language

A
  1. information arrives at primary auditory cortex on the superior bank of the sylvian fissure
  2. sounds comprehended as meaningful words are processed in WERNICKE’S AREA
  3. motor commands to produce sequences of sounds to PRODUCE WORDS or sentences is found in BROCA’S AREA
  4. heavily connected via the arcuate fasciculus
52
Q

aphasia

A

defect in language processing caused by dysfunction of the dominant cerebral hemisphere

53
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

fluent but non-sensical

*fluent = YES
*comprehends = NO
*repeats = NO

54
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

*struggles to produce speech, but what they are saying makes sense

*fluent = NO
*comprehends = YES
*repeats = NO

Neuro Exam 1 (22 decks)

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