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Anatomy Year 2 > The Abdomen > Flashcards

The Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

A

right and left upper, right and left lower

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2
Q

how are the 9 regions split?

A

2 midclavicular lines
2 horizontal lines:
1) through the lower costal margin crossing the 10th costal cartilage
2) through the tubercles of the pelvis sitting at l5

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3
Q

what are the 9 regions?

A
  • right and left hypochondrium (below costal cartilage)
  • epigastric (above belly)
  • umbilical region
  • hypogastric (below belly)
  • iliac region left and right
  • lumbar left and right
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4
Q

what is the function of the abdominal wall?

A
  • protects abdominal viscera
  • involved in actions that increases intra abdominal pressure eg coughing, vomiting, defacation
  • maintain posture and move the trunk
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5
Q

how many groups of muscles are in the anterolateral abdomen and what are they?

A

2 - flat muscles, vertical muscles

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6
Q

how many flat muscles are there in the anterolateral abdomen and where are they located?

A

there are 3 flat muscles, found laterally on either side of the abdomen

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7
Q

how many vertical muscles are there in the anterolateral abdomen andwhere are they located?

A

there are 2 - lie on either side of the midline

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8
Q

what is an aponeurosis?

A

a broad flat tendon covering the vertical rectus abdominus. the aponeurosesis of all the flat muscles become entwined in the midline forming the linea alba

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9
Q

what is the linea alba?

A

tough midline structure that extends from xiphoid process of the sternum to the pubic symphysis

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10
Q

what is the external oblique?

A

the largest and most superficial flat muscle.
fibres run inferomedially
anterior wall of rectus sheath

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11
Q

what are the internal obliques?

A

lies deep to the external oblique. fibres run superomedially

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12
Q

what are the transverse abdominal obliques?

A

deep to internal obliques.
fibres run horizontally
posterior wall of rectus sheath

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13
Q

how many vertical muscles of the antolateral abdominal wall are there and what are they?

A

2 - rectus abdominis and pyramidalis

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14
Q

what is the rectus abdominis?

A

long flat muscle that spans the entire anterior abdominal wall.

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15
Q

what intersects the rectus abdominis?

A

tendinous intersections and linea alba give rise to six pack

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16
Q

what is the rectus sheath and how is it formed?

A

formed by the aponeuroses of the 3 flat muscles and encloses the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles.

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17
Q

what makes up the anterior wall of the rectus sheath?

A

aponeuroses of external oblique and 1/2 internal

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18
Q

what makes up the posterior wall of the rectus sheath?

A

aponeuroses of 1/2 internal oblique and transverse abdominal

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19
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

serous lining of the abdomen

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20
Q

how many layers are there in the peritoneum?

A

2 layers - parietal and visceral

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21
Q

what is the parietal peritoneum?

A

lines inner aspect of abdominal wall.

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22
Q

what is the visceral peritoneum?

A

covers structures and organs

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23
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity and what does it contain?

A

thin cavity between the parietal and visceral layers - contains a small amount of peritoneal fluid that allows the visceral to slide alongside eachother

24
Q

what does retroperitoneal mean?

A

behind peritoneal

25
Q

what is mesentry and what does it do?

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum
contains fat and suspend small intestine and part of the large from posterior abdomen wall.
provides a pathway for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics from body wall to the viscera

26
Q

where is the stomach located?

A

lies within the superior aspect of the abdomen between the duodonem and oesophagus

27
Q

what regions does the stomach cover?

A

primarily lies in the epigastric and umbilical regions

28
Q

how many anatomical divisions are there in the stomach and what are they?

A

4 - cardia, fundus, body, pyloris

29
Q

what is the cardia in the stomach?

A

surrounds the superior opening of the stomach at T11 level

30
Q

what is the fundus in the stomach?

A

the rounded, often gas filled portion, superior to and left of the cardia

31
Q

what is the body of the stomach?

A

the large central portion inferior to the fundus

32
Q

what is the pyloris of the stomach?

A

connects the stomach to the duodonem. divided into atrum, canal, and sphincter

33
Q

what is the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

long , convex, lateral border

34
Q

what is the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

shorter, concave, medial surface

35
Q

where is the pyloric sphincter and what does it do?

A

lies between the pylorus and the first part of the duodenum - controls the exit of chyme (food and gastric acid mixture)

36
Q

where does the arterial supply to the stomach come from?

A

coeliac trunk and its branches

37
Q

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunem, ilium

38
Q

what is the duodenum and where does it run?

A

the most proximal part of the small intestine, running from the pylorus of the stomach to the duodenojejunal junction

39
Q

how many parts can the duodenum be divided into and what are they?

A

4 parts - superior, descending, inferior, and ascending

40
Q

what shape is the duodenum

A

c shaped

41
Q

describe the superior section of the duodenum

A

ascends upwards from the pylorus of the stomach, connected to the liver by the hepatoduedenal ligament

42
Q

describe the descending duodenum

A

curves inferiorly around the head of the pancreas.
internally marked by the major duodenal papilla - the opening at which bile and pancreatic secretions enter from the ampulla of vater

43
Q

describe the inferior duodenum

A

travels laterally to the left
crosses over the inferior vena cava and aorta

44
Q

describe the ascending aorta

A

ascends and curves anteriorly to join the jejunem at a sharp turn known as the duodenojejunal flexure

45
Q

describe the jejunem and ilium

A

distal two parts of the small intestine
they are intraperitoneal

46
Q

what does the jejunem have that the ilium doesnt?

A

longer vasa recta
more pilcae circulares
less prominent arterial arcades

47
Q

where is the large intestine?

A

distal part of the GI tract, extending from the cecum to the anal canal

48
Q

how many parts of the large intestine are there and what are they?

A

4 - ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

49
Q

describe the ascending colon

A

retroperitoneal
ascends superiorly from the cecum

50
Q

what is the right colic structure?

A

when the ascending colon meets the right lobe of the lung, it turns 90 degrees horizontally = start of transverse colon

51
Q

describe the transverse colon

A
  • extends from right colic flexure to the spleen, where it turns 90 degrees to face inferiorly = left colic flexure
  • least fixed part of the colon
  • intraperitoneal
  • colon attached to diaphragm
52
Q

describe the descending colon

A
  • moves inferiorly towards pelvis
  • retroperitoneal
  • located anteriorly to kidney, passing over its lateral border
53
Q

describe the sigmoid colon

A
  • when colon turns medially = sigmoid colon
  • extends from left iliac fossa to level of S3 vertebra
  • attached to posterior pelvic wall via sigmoid mesocolon
54
Q

what are the omental appendices?

A

small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat

55
Q

what are teniea coli?

A

3 strips of muscle that run longitudinally along surface of large bowel

56
Q

what are the haustra?

A

sacculation produced when the teniea coli contract to shorten the wall of the bowel

Anatomy Year 2 (7 decks)

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