The Anthropocene Flashcards

Question

Spouse /spaʊs/

Answer 1

**Noun:** A husband or wife, considered in relation to their partner (**همسر، شریک زندگی**). "Communication is the key to understanding your spouse, partner, or significant other".

Answer 2

**Adjective:** Lower in rank, status, or quality (**پست، پایین، حقیر، دون‌پایه**). "Schooling in inner-city areas was inferior to that in the rest of the country". Low or lower in position (**تحتانی**). "Ulcers located in the inferior and posterior wall of the duodenum". **Noun:** A person lower than another in rank, status, or ability (**فرودست، زیردست**). "Her social and intellectual inferiors".

Answer 3

**Adjective:** Extremely serious or urgent (**ناگوار، مبرم، وخیم، وحشتناک**). "Misuse of drugs can have dire consequences".

Answer 4

**Verb:** Break open or apart suddenly and violently, especially as a result of an impact or internal pressure (**ترکیدن، منفجر شدن**). "One of the balloons burst". Be so full as almost to break open (**در حد انفجار پر بودن**). "The wardrobe was bursting with piles of clothes". Feel a very strong or irrepressible emotion or impulse (**سرشار از احساسات بودن یا شدن**). "He was bursting with joy and excitement". Issue, move or open suddenly, forcefully and uncontrollably (**به صورت ناگهانی و زورکی و غیرقابل کنترل روی دادن، حرکت کردن یا باز کردن**). "The words burst from him in an angry rush". **Noun:** An instance of breaking or splitting as a result of internal pressure or puncturing; an explosion (**انفجار**). "The mortar bursts were further away than before". A sudden brief outbreak (**همه‌گیری ناگهانی**). "A burst of activity". A period of continuous and intense effort (**یک دوره‌ی فعالیت مداوم و شدید**). "He sailed 474 miles in one 24-hour burst".

Answer 5

**Verb:** Be filled with wonder or astonishment (**شگفت‌زده شدن**). "She marvelled at Jeffrey's composure". **Noun:** A wonderful or astonishing person or thing (**شگفتی، حیرت، باشکوه**). "The marvels of technology".

Answer 6

**Verb:** /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/ Cause (a process or action) to begin (**آغازیدن، شروع کردن**). "He proposes to initiate discussions on planning procedures". Admit (someone) into a secret or obscure society or group, typically with a ritual (**پذیرفتن، با مناسک و آیینی خاص عضو کردن، وارد کردن**). "She had been formally initiated into the movement". **Noun:** /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.ət/ A person who has been initiated into an organization or activity (**عضو، هم‌گروهی**). "An initiate of the cult".

Answer 7

**Verb:** Transport or carry to a place (**بردن، رساندن، فرستادن، حمل کردن، منتقل کردن**). "Pipes were laid to convey water to the house". Make (an idea, impression, or feeling) known or understandable (**شناساندن، معنی بخشیدن، مفهوم کردن**). "The real virtues and diversity of America had never been conveyed in the movies". Communicate (a message or information) (**رسان‌گری کردن، انتقال دادن پیام یا اطلاعات**). "Mr Harvey and his daughter have asked me to convey their very kind regards". LAW Transfer the title to (property) (**انتقال دادن مالکیت ملک**). "No application for registration is required when the property is conveyed following a court order".

Answer 8

**Noun:** A person or animal that searches widely for food or provisions (**غذاجو، انسان یا حیوانی که محیط گسترده‌ای را برای غذا جستجو می‌کند**). "He is an expert forager who finds and eats healthy, local ingredients growing in the wild".

Answer 9

**Noun:** The action of forcing someone to leave an organization (**اخراج**). "His expulsion from the union". The action or process of forcing someone to leave a place (**بیرون کردن**). "The expulsion of two diplomats from the embassy". The action of forcing something out of the body (**از بدن دفع کردن**). "Oxytocin causes expulsion of milk from the lactating mammary gland".

Answer 10

**Verb:** Carry the weight of; support (**تحمل کردن**). "The bees form large colonies and need the thick branches of tall trees to bear the weight of their nests". Take responsibility for (**مسئولیت قبول کردن**). "No one likes to **bear the responsibility for** such decisions". Be able to accept or stand up to (**چیزی را قبول کردن یا پذیرفتن**). "It is doubtful whether either of these distinctions would **bear scrutiny**". Scrutiny: بررسی موشکافانه، کنکاش کردن. Endure (an ordeal or difficulty) (**تاب آوردن، ایستادگی کردن**). "She bore the pain stoically". Manage to tolerate (a situation or experience) (**از پس شرایط دشوار بر آمدن**). "She could hardly bear his sarcasm". Strongly dislike (**منزجر بودن، متنفر بودن**). "I can't bear caviar" FORMAL-LITERARY (Of a person) carry (someone or something) (**حمل کردن کسی یا چیزی**). "He was bearing a tray of brimming glasses". (Of a vehicle or boat) convey (passengers or cargo) (**منتقل کردن، ترابری کردن، جابجا کردن**). "Steamboats bear the traveller out of Kerrerra Sound". Have or display as a visible mark or feature (**حاوی علامت یا ویژگی خاصی بودن، حامل بودن**). "Many of the papers bore his flamboyant signature". Be called by (a name or title) (**با نام یا لقب خطاب کردن**). "He bore the surname Tiller". Carry or conduct oneself in a specified manner (**با خود به شیوه‌ای خاص رفتار یا برخورد کردن**). "She bore herself with dignity". FORMAL-LITERARY Give birth to (a child) (**زاییدن، به دنیا آوردن، وضع حمل کردن، زادن**). "She bore six daughters". (Of a tree or plant) produce (fruit or flowers) (**عمل آوردن، میوه و محصول دادن**). "The squash bears fruit shaped like cucumbers". Turn and proceed in a specified direction (**در جهت خاصی چرخیدن و ادامه دادن**). "Bear left and follow the old drove road". **Noun:** A large, heavy mammal that walks on the soles of its feet, having thick fur and a very short tail. Bears are related to the dog family but most species are omnivorous (**خرس**). A large, heavy, cumbersome man (**مرد تنومند**). "A lumbering bear of a man". A nickname for Russia (**لقب روسیه**). noun: the Bear.

Answer 11

**Phrase:** Two people or things look very similar or almost identical to each other. It is often used to describe a strong or noticeable similarity in appearance, behavior, or character (**شباهت چشم‌گیر**). "She has a striking resemblance to her mother".

Answer 12

**Verb:** Express complete disapproval of; censure (**نکوهش کردن، مخالفت شدید کردن، سرزنش کردن**). "Most leaders roundly condemned the attack". Sentence (someone) to a particular punishment, especially death (**محکوم کردن**). "The rebels had been condemned to death".

Answer 13

**Adjective:** Relating to or denoting a family of languages that includes Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic and certain ancient languages such as Phoenician and Akkadian, constituting the main subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic family (**زبان سامی**). Relating to the peoples who speak Semitic languages, especially Hebrew and Arabic (**نژاد سامی**).

Answer 14

**Adjective:** Existing at or from the beginning of time; primeval (**اولیه، ازلی**). "The primordial oceans". (Especially of a feeling or state) basic and fundamental (**اساسی، اصلی، غریزی**). "The primordial needs of the masses".

Answer 15

**Noun:** The origin or mode of formation of something (**پیدایش، تکوین، آفرینش**). "This tale had its genesis in fireside stories".

Answer 16

**Noun:** A person or thing from which a person, animal, or plant is descended or originates; an ancestor or parent (**جد، نیاکان، پیشینیان، والدین**). "His children were the progenitors of many of Scotland's noble families". A person who originates a cultural or intellectual movement (**پیشرو، بنیان‌گذار، آغازگر یک جنبش فکری یا فرهنگی**). "The progenitor of modern jazz".

Answer 17

**Noun:** The arrival of a notable person or thing (**شرف‌یابی، رسیدن، پیدایش**). "The advent of television". The coming or second coming of Christ (**ظهور یا ظهور مجدد مسیح**).

Answer 18

**Noun:** A tusked Eurasian wild pig from which domestic pigs are descended, exterminated in Britain in the 17th century (**گراز وحشی**). An uncastrated domestic male pig (**خوک نر اخته نشده**).

Answer 19

**Adjective:** Not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous (**زاید، اضافی**). "Many of the old skills had become redundant". BRITISH (Of a person) no longer employed because there is no more work available (**تعدیل نیرو شده، بی‌کار شده**). "Eight permanent staff were made redundant". (Of words or data) able to be omitted without loss of meaning or function (**حشو، زیادی**). "Our peculiar affection for redundant phrases".

Answer 20

**Verb:** Inflict a violent and disfiguring injury on (**،ناقص کردن، معیوب کردن، مثله کردن**). "Most of the prisoners had been mutilated". Inflict serious damage on (**مجروح کردن، زیان رساندن**). "The fine carved screen was mutilated in the 18th century".

Answer 21

**Verb:** Deny the truth of (a statement) by asserting the opposite (**نقض کردن، تکذیب کردن، رد کردن**). "The survey appears to contradict the industry's claims". Be in conflict with (**مخالف بودن، مخالفت کردن، نفی کردن**). "The existing layout of the city contradicted the logic of the new centre".

Answer 22

**Noun:** A hollow container used to give shape to molten or hot liquid material when it cools and hardens (**قالب**). "The smith would pour the molten metal into the shaped mould". A distinctive and typical style, form, or character (**کالبد، تیپ و استایل، شکل**). "He's a superb striker in the same mould as Gary Lineker". **Verb:** Form (an object) out of malleable material (**قالب‌گیری کردن**). "Mould the figure from white fondant". Influence the formation or development of (**شکل دادن، فرم دادن**). "He was instrumental in moulding the policy and ideals of the journal".

Answer 23

**Adjective:** Existing or occurring at or on the surface (**ظاهری، سطحی**). "The building suffered only superficial damage". Appearing to be true or real only until examined more closely (**ظاهرا و سطحی درست و صحیح**). "The resemblance between the breeds is superficial". Not thorough, deep, or complete; cursory (**سرسری، گذرا، ناقص، سطحی**). "He had only the most superficial knowledge of foreign countries".

Answer 24

Past tense and past participle: outshone. **Verb:** Shine more brightly than (**درخشیدن، روشن‌تر درخشیدن از**). "A supernova would outshine all the other stars in its galaxy". Be much better than (someone) in a particular area (**پیشی گرفتن، بیشتر جلوه کردن، سرتر بودن**). "It is a shame when a mother outshines a daughter".

Answer 25

**Adjective:** Masculine in an overly assertive or aggressive way (**نرینه‌رفتار، مردانه**). "The big macho tough guy". **Noun:** A man who is masculine in an overly assertive or aggressive way (**نر، نروک**). "I realized just what a macho I was at heart".

Answer 26

**Verb:** Plant (seed) by scattering it on or in the earth (**بذرپاشی کردن، بذر افشاندن**). "Fill a pot with compost and sow a thin layer of seeds on top". Plant the seeds of (a plant or crop) (**کاشتن**). "Catch crops should be sown after minimal cultivation". Be thickly covered with (**بسیار ضخیم پوشیده شده با چیزی**). "The night sky was sown with stars". Disseminate or introduce (something undesirable) (**منتشر یا معرفی کردن چیزی نامطلوب**). "The new policy has sown confusion and doubt". **Noun:** An adult female pig, especially one which has farrowed (**ماده خوک بالغ**). "There are ten sows and fifty piglets* at the farm". *piglet: خوکچه، بچه خوک. A large block of metal (larger than a ‘pig’) made by smelting (**بلوک آهنی بزرگ**). "The machine produces aluminium sow ingots in a range of sizes". **Phrase:** Sow the seeds of: Do something that will eventually bring about (a particular result) (**انجام کاری با نتیجه‌ای مشخص**). "The council is sowing the seeds of its own destruction". You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear: You can't create a fine product from inferior materials (**با جنس بنجل محصول باکیفیت ساخته نمی‌شود**).

Answer 27

**Noun:** A woman who is the head of a family or tribe (**زن‌سالار، گیس‌سفید**). "In some cultures the mother proceeds to the status of a matriarch".

Answer 28

**Adjective:** Relating to the sense of smell (**شامه‌ای، بویایی، بویشی**). "The olfactory organs".

Answer 29

**Noun:** The projecting nose and mouth of an animal, especially a mammal (**پوزه، پوز**). "A sea lion balanced a ball on its snout".

Answer 30

**Noun:** A person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field of activity (**رقیب، حریف، هم‌آورد**). "He has no serious rival for the job". A person or thing that equals another in quality (**هم‌لِوِل، هم‌سطح، هم‌رده**). "She has no rivals as a female rock singer". **Verb:** Be or seem to be equal or comparable to (**هم‌آوردی کردن، هم‌سطح بودن، شانه به شانه زدن**). "He was a photographer whose fame rivalled that of his subjects".

Answer 31

**Noun:** The chief bishop or archbishop of a province (**اسقف یا اسقف اعظم**). "The primate of Poland". A mammal of an order that includes the lemurs, bushbabies, tarsiers, marmosets, monkeys, apes, and humans. They are distinguished by having hands, feet that are similar to hands, and forward-facing eyes, and, with the exception of humans, are typically agile tree-dwellers (**راسته‌ی نخستیان که میمون و گوریل و انسان هم عضو آن هستند**).

Answer 32

A gestation crate, also known as a sow stall, is a metal enclosure in which a farmed sow used for breeding may be kept during pregnancy (جعبه‌ی حاملگی، محفظه‌ی بارداری**). Gestation: بارداری، حاملگی. Crate: صندوق، محفظه، خودروی لکنته.

Answer 33

**Verb:** Feed (a baby or young animal) from the breast or teat (**از پستان تغذیه کردن، شیر دادن یا شیر خوردن**). "A mother pig was suckling a huge litter".

Answer 34

**Noun:** Accustom* (an infant or other young mammal) to food other than its mother's milk (**از شیر گرفتن**). *Accustom: عادت کردن، آشنا شدن، انس گرفتن. Accustom (someone) to managing without something which they have become dependent on (**ترک عادت دادن یا کردن، بدون چیزی سر کردن**). "The doctor tried to wean her off the sleeping pills". Be strongly influenced by (something), especially from an early age (**پرورش یافتن یا دادن، عادت کردن یا دادن، ناف کسی را با چیزی بریدن**). "I was weaned on a regular diet of Hollywood fantasy".

Answer 35

**Phrase:** Shield or guard something or someone from the natural forces that can cause harm or damage, such as rain, wind, sun, cold, heat, etc (**محافظت در برابر عوامل طبیعی**).

Answer 36

**Adjective:** (Of an unpleasant or unwelcome situation or phenomenon) present or experienced to a severe or intense degree (**حاد، شدید**). "An acute housing shortage". Having or showing a perceptive understanding or insight; shrewd* (**تیزبین، تیزهوش، زیرک**). "An acute awareness of changing fashions". Shrewd: زیرک، ناقلا، رند.

Answer 37

**Verb:** Regard something as being due to (a cause) (**نسبت دادن**). "He ascribed Jane's short temper to her upset stomach". Regard a text, quotation, or work of art as being produced by or belonging to (a particular person or period) (**از آن کسی دانستن، منتسب کردن**). "A quotation ascribed to Thomas Cooper". Regard a quality as belonging to (**نسبت دادن یک ویژگی**). "Tough-mindedness is a quality commonly ascribed to top bosses".

Answer 38

**Noun:** A cultivated plant eaten as a vegetable, having thick green or purple leaves surrounding a spherical heart or head of young leaves (**کلم**).

Answer 39

**Phrase:** And similar things; et cetera; **and so on** (**و غیره، و مشابه این، قس علی هذا**). "They show live cricket, horse racing, boxing, football, and so forth". "We discussed traveling, sightseeing, and so forth".

Answer 40

**Noun:** (Chiefly in commercial use) a drink other than water (**نوشیدنی، هر نوشیدنی غیر از آب**). "Light lunch items and beverages will be available for sale".

Answer 41

**Verb:** Another term for sate (**سیر کردن، راضی کردن، پُر خوردن**). "He folded up his newspaper, his curiosity satiated". **Adjective:** satisfied to the full; sated (**راضی، پُر، سیر**). "satiate with power, of fame and wealth possess'd"

Answer 42

**Adjective:** Showing a lack of courage or confidence; easily frightened (**ترسو، کم‌رو، محجوب، خجالتی**). "I was too timid to ask for what I wanted".

Answer 43

**Verb:** Experience or be subjected to (something, typically something unpleasant or arduous) (**تن در دادن، تحمل کردن، تقبل کردن**). "He underwent a life-saving brain operation".

Answer 44

**Adjective:** (Especially of a muscle) stretched tight or rigid (**منقبض، سفت**). "She tried to relax her tense muscles". Unable to relax because of nervousness, anxiety, or stimulation (**عصبی، نگران، دلواپس**). "He was tense with excitement". **Verb:** Become tense, typically through anxiety or nervousness (**منقبض شدن، تشدید شدن**). "Her body tensed up".

Answer 45

**Adjective:** Like a pig (**خوک‌وار، خوک‌صفت**). Swinish behavior.

Answer 46

**Noun:** Plural noun: calves. A young bovine animal, especially a domestic cow or bull in its first year (**گوساله، بچه‌ی هر حیوان پستاندار**). "A heifer calf". A floating piece of ice detached from an iceberg (**تکه یخ شناور جدا شده از کوه‌یخ**).

Answer 47

**Noun:** A female dog, wolf, fox, or otter (**ماده سگ**). A spiteful, unpleasant, or disliked woman (**پتیاره، سلیطه، زن بدکار**). **Verb:** Make spitefully critical comments (**ِگِله کردن، غر زدن، شکایت کردن**). "Everybody was bitching about their colleagues". Express displeasure; grumble (**نق زدن، غر زدن**). "They bitch about everything".

Answer 48

**Noun:** A large rodent with defensive spines or quills on the body and tail (**خارپشت، خارانداز**).

Answer 49

**Adjective:** Occurring or situated nearer to the end of something than to the beginning (**آخری، پایانی، پسین**). "The latter half of 1989". Recent (**اخیر**). "The project has had low cash flows in latter years". Denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things (**دومی**). "If we are trying to choose between green and yellow bananas, we often go for the latter option".

Answer 50

**Noun:** The quality, state, or sensation of being warm; moderate heat (**گرمای ملایم و دل‌چسب**). "The warmth of the sun on her skin". Enthusiasm, affection, or kindness (**خون‌گرمی، مهر و محبت**). "She smiled with real warmth".

Answer 51

**Adjective:** Excessively conceited or absorbed in oneself; self-centered (**خودخواهانه، خودپسندانه**). "He's selfish, egotistical, and arrogant".

Answer 52

**Verb:** To rock a baby (= to move it backwards and forwards or from side to side in a regular way) to help it to sleep (**حرکت گهواره‌ای**). “The Czech word for a lullaby is derived from the verb kolébat, meaning to rock-a-bye”. **Adjective:** Used to describe the action of rocking a baby to sleep, or something that relates to this (**گهواره‌ای‌وار، بغلی‌شکل**). “He was holding a big plank of wood in his arms rock-a-bye style”.

Answer 53

**Noun:** A general agreement (**اجماع، وفاق، توافق عام، قریب به اتفاق، اتفاق نظر**). "There is a growing consensus that the current regime has failed".

Answer 54

**Noun:** Woven or felted fabric made from wool, cotton, or a similar fibre (**پارچه، منسوج**). "A broad piece of pleated cloth". The clergy*; the clerical profession (**روحانیت، حرفه‌ی روحانی**). "Has he given up all ideas of the cloth?". *clergy: روحانی، کشیش، آخوند، ملا.

Answer 55

**Verb:** Hold on tightly to (**چسبیدن، محکم بغل کردن، نزدیک خود نگه‌داشتن، رها نکردن عقیده**). "She clung to Joe's arm".

Answer 56

**Adjective:** (Of land) too poor to produce much or any vegetation (**بی‌ثمر، لَم‌یَزرَع، سِتَروَن، برهوت**). "The plains of Kyrenia were barren". (Of a place or building) bleak and lifeless (**حزن‌آور، ویران، ساختمان بدون روح و خالی**). "The sports hall turned out to be a rather barren concrete building". **Noun:** A barren tract or tracts of land (**بایر**). "The Newfoundland barrens".

Answer 57

**Idiom:** As much as possible or with as much effort as possible (**تا جای ممکن، تا حد ممکن، به هر قیمتی**). “He was fighting for all he was worth”.

Answer 58

**Noun:** A piece of old cloth, especially one torn from a larger piece, used typically for cleaning things (**لته، ژنده، رُگو، پارچه‌ی کهنه**). "He wiped his hands on an oily rag". INFORMAL A newspaper, typically one regarded as being of low quality (**روزنامه‌ی درپیت**). "The local rag". **Verb:** Give a decorative effect to (a painted surface) by applying paint, typically of a different colour, with a rag (**با رنگ به وسیله‌ی غلطک نقاشی نمای دکوری ایجاد کردن**). "The background walls have been stippled above the dado* rail and ragged below". *dado: بخش پایینی دیوار در معماری. Make fun of (someone) in a boisterous manner (**تمسخر کردن**). "He ragged me about not smoking or drinking". Rebuke severely (**سرزنش کردن، ملامت کردن**). "I ragged a restaurant last week for mangling Key lime pie". **Phrase:** Rag on — complain about or criticize someone or something continually (**دائما نق زدن یا انتقاد کردن**). "Most reports rag on the crudeness of today's gear".

Answer 59

**Noun:** Knives, forks, and spoons used for eating or serving food; in US **silverware** (**کارد و چنگال، اسباب غذا خوری**). “This is also why small human children are far more likely to become attached to dolls, blankets and smelly rags than to cutlery, stones or wooden blocks”. NORTH AMERICAN Cutting utensils, especially knives for cutting food (**چاقوی غذاخوری**).

Answer 60

**Noun:** A gentle feeling of fondness or liking (**عشق، محبت، عاطفه، مهر، علاقه، مهربانی**). "She felt affection for the wise old lady".

Answer 61

**Adjective:** Having, caused by, or relating to neurosis (**روان‌رنجور، عصبی، خشمگین، نژند**). **Noun:** A neurotic person (**آدم عصبی**). "I wasn't going to be labelled as a hypochondriac or neurotic".

Answer 62

**Adjective:** Avoiding social interaction; inconsiderate of or hostile to others (**اجتماع‌گریز، مردم‌گریز**). "A tendency to asocial behaviour".

Answer 63

**Noun:** A sudden desire or change of mind, especially one that is unusual or unexplained (**هوی و هوس، ویر**). "She bought it on a whim".

Answer 64

**Verb:** Bring under domination or control, especially by conquest (**مستولی شدن، چیره شدن، مسلط شدن**). "The invaders had soon subjugated most of the population". Make someone or something subordinate to (**منقاد کردن، مطیع کردن، رام کردن**). "The new ruler firmly subjugated the Church to the state".

Answer 65

**Noun:** A person who believes in the existence of a god or gods, specifically of a creator who intervenes in the universe (**موحد، خداپرست**). "I am a hardcore theist and the person most close to me is my God". **Adjective:** Denoting or relating to belief in the existence of a god or gods, specifically of a creator who intervenes in the universe (**متعقد به خدا، خداباور**). "Most atheists were raised in a theist tradition".

Answer 66

**Noun:** A project or undertaking, especially a bold or complex one (**کار، عمل، پروژه، وظیفه**). "A joint enterprise between French and Japanese companies". Initiative and resourcefulness (**ابتکار، قریحه، تدبیر، خلاقیت**). "Success came quickly, thanks to a mixture of talent, enterprise, and luck". A business or company (**تجارت، کمپانی، کاسبی، شرکت تجاری**). "A state-owned enterprise". Entrepreneurial economic activity (**فعالیت اقتصادی کارآفرینانه**). "An economic environment which encourages enterprise".

Answer 67

**Noun:** A collection of myths, especially one belonging to a particular religious or cultural tradition (**اساطیر**). "Tales from Greek mythology". The study of myths (**اسطوره‌شناسی، داستان‌شناسی، افسانه‌شناسی**). "This field includes archaeology, comparative mythology, and folklore".

Answer 68

**Phrase:** To satisfy a need or to provide what is wanted or needed by a particular person or group (**نیاز کسی یا چیزی را برآوردن و تامین کردن**). “Internet shopping **caters to** every conceivable need”. "A seaside resort **catering for** older holidaymakers". Take something into account; make allowances for something (**در نظر گرفتن، ممکن کردن**). "The scheme **caters for** interest rate fluctuations". Try to satisfy a need or demand (**برآورده کردن، تهیه کردن**). "He **catered to** her every whim". **Cater:** Provide people with food and drink at a social event or other gathering (**خوراک تهیه کردن، سور و سات فراهم کردن**). "My mother helped to cater for the party".

Answer 69

**Noun:** The building where a Jewish assembly or congregation meets for religious worship and instruction (**کنیسه، محل عبادت یهودیان**).

Answer 70

**Adjective:** Clothed (**ملبس، مزین**). "They were clad in T-shirts and shorts". Covered with cladding (**روکش‌دار، آبکاری شده**). "Copper-clad boards".

Answer 71

**Adjective:** Relating to or characterized by melody (**آهنگین، دلپذیر، ملیح**). "The melodious chant of the monks".

Answer 72

**Noun:** A sacred song or hymn, in particular any of those contained in the biblical Book of Psalms and used in Christian and Jewish worship (**مزمور، سرود مذهبی**). "A delightful setting of Psalm 150".

Answer 73

**Noun:** A gum, spice, or other substance that is burned for the sweet smell it produces (**عود، بخور**). "The sharp lingering sweetness of incense". **Verb:** Perfume with incense or a similar fragrance (**با عود معطر کردن**). "The aroma of cannabis incensed the air". Make very angry (**عصبانی کردن، خشمگین کردن، تحریک کردن**). "Locals are incensed at the suggestion".

Answer 74

**Noun:** A mixture of two or more different things that have been combined to produce something new (**ترکیبی از**). “Police dogs are often a cross between a retriever and a German Shepherd”.

Answer 75

In northern and midwestern areas of the United States, a barbecue restaurant may be referred to as a "barbecue joint" (**رستوران کبابی**).

Answer 76

**Noun:** The table in a Christian church at which the bread and wine are consecrated in communion services (**محراب**، میز درون کلیسا که محل شراب و نان مراسم مذهبی می‌باشد). "The huge jewelled tabernacle above the altar was executed by Jacopo da Trezzo". A table or flat-topped block used as the focus for a religious ritual, especially for making sacrifices or offerings to a deity (**مَذبَح**، میز یا سطح صاف که محل ذبح در مراسم مذهبی است). "The altar is a crisply hewn block of granite".

Answer 77

**Verb:** (Of a person or animal) emit a deep loud roar, typically in pain or anger (**غریدن، نعره زدن**). "He bellowed in agony". Shout something with a deep loud roar (**فریاد زدن**). "He bellowed out the order".

Answer 78

**Verb:** (Of a sheep, goat, or calf) make a characteristic weak, wavering cry (**بع بع کردن**). "The lamb was bleating weakly". Speak or complain in a weak, querulous, or foolish way (**با صدای ضعیف و احمقانه شکوه کردن**). "It's no good just bleating on about the rising tide of crime". **Noun:** The weak, wavering cry made by a sheep, goat, or calf (**صدای بز و گوسفند و گوساله**). "The distant bleat of sheep".

Answer 79

**Verb:** (Of a liquid) flow out of something in a rapid and plentiful stream (**جوشیدن، فوران کردن مایعات**). "Water **gushed out** of the washing machine". Discharge (liquid) in a rapid and plentiful stream (**خروشیدن**). "The tanker began to gush oil from its damaged hull". Speak or write effusively or with exaggerated enthusiasm (**غلو کردن، گزافه‌گویی، با علاقه‌ی اغراق‌آمیز گفتن یا نوشتن**). "Everyone came up to me and gushed about how lucky I was". **Noun:** A rapid and plentiful stream or burst of something (**فوران، فواره، جوش و خروش**). "A gush of blood". Effusiveness or exaggerated enthusiasm (**غلو، مبالغه**).

Answer 80

**Noun:** A distinctive smell, especially an unpleasant one (**رایحه**). "The odour of cigarette smoke". A lingering quality or impression attaching to something (**بو، طعم**). "An odour of suspicion".

Answer 81

**Verb:** Become semi-solid, especially on cooling (**ماسیدن، دلمه بستن، لخته شدن خون**). "The blood had congealed into blobs". Take shape or coalesce, especially to form a satisfying whole (**شکل گرفتن، تثبیت شدن**). "The ballet failed to congeal as a single oeuvre".

Answer 82

**Noun:** A large or dense group of flying insects (**گله‌ی بزرگی از حشرات در حال پرواز**). "A swarm of locusts*". *Locust: ملخ. **Verb:** (Of flying insects) move in or form a swarm (**گله‌وار پرواز کردن حشرات**). "A plague of locusts swarmed across the countryside". Move somewhere in large numbers (‎**فوج‌وار حرکت کردن، هجوم آوردن**). "Protesters were swarming into the building".

Answer 83

**Noun:** The fifth book of canonical Jewish and Christian Scripture containing narrative and Mosaic laws; “second law” or “repeated law” (**کتاب سفر تثنیه، پنجمین کتاب سفار پنج‌گانه**). “In Deuteronomy, Moses frames the law for the people in exactly those terms”.

Answer 84

**Noun:** The sacred writings of Christianity contained in the Bible (**تورات و انجیل، کتاب آسمانی**). "Passages of scripture".

Answer 85

**Noun:** The science of the origin and development of the universe. Modern cosmology is dominated by the Big Bang theory, which brings together observational astronomy and particle physics (**کیهان‌شناسی، گیتی‌شناسی**). An account or theory of the origin of the universe (**فلسفه‌ی نظام گیتی**).

Answer 86

**Noun:** a person who believes all natural things, such as plants, animals, rocks, and thunder, have spirits and can influence human events (**روح‌گرا**). “They were animists who believed in the spirit world”.

Answer 87

**Adjective:** (Of an area of land) lacking vegetation and exposed to the elements (**زمین بدون پوشش گیاهی و در معرض عوامل آب و هوایی**). "A bleak and barren moor*". *Moor: دشت. (of a building or room) charmless and inhospitable; dreary (**اتاق یا ساختمان نفس‌کیر و دل‌گیر**). "he looked round the bleak little room in despair" (of the weather) cold and miserable (**هوای سوزناک و حزین**). "A bleak midwinter's day" (of a situation) not hopeful or encouraging; unlikely to have a favourable outcome (**شرایط مایوس کننده**). "He paints a bleak picture of a company that has lost its way". (Of a person's expression) cold and forbidding (**رفتار سرد و خشک و بی‌احساس**). "His mouth was set and his eyes were bleak". **Noun:** A small silvery shoaling fish of the carp family, found in Eurasian rivers (**مرواریدماهی، ماهی کولی ایرانی**).

Answer 88

**Noun:** A large North American reindeer (**کاریبو، گوزن آمریکای شمالی**).

Answer 89

**Noun:** A soft pear-shaped fruit with sweet dark flesh and many small seeds, eaten fresh or dried (**انجیر**). The deciduous Old World tree or shrub which bears figs (**درخت انجیر**). dress up (someone) to look smart (**لباس پوشاندن کسی برای باهوش جلوه دادن وی**). "He was figged out as fine as fivepence, with white trousers and rings and chains". **Phrase:** Not give a fig Not have the slightest concern; not care at all (**پشیزی اهمیت ندادن**). "Katherine didn't give a fig for Joe's comfort or his state of mind". Full fig Smart clothes, especially those appropriate to a particular occasion or profession (**لباس مناسب موقعیت و رویداد پوشیدن**). "A soldier walking up the street in full fig".

Answer 90

**Adjective:** (Especially of a change or distinction) so delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyse or describe (**ظریف**). "His language expresses rich and subtle meanings". Capable of making fine distinctions (**موشکاف**). "A subtle mind". Arranged in an ingenious and elaborate way (**ماهرانه**). "The German plan was simple yet subtle". Making use of clever and indirect methods to achieve something (**زیرکانه، فریبکارانه، حیله‌گرانه**). "He tried a more subtle approach".

Answer 91

**Noun:** An ancient historical area in what is now Iraq and surrounding areas, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (**بین‌النهرین**). “Baghdad was the cultural heart of Mesopotamia”.

Answer 92

**Noun:** A long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the past history of a nation (**حماسه**). An exceptionally long and arduous task or activity (**کار شاق**). "The business of getting hospital treatment soon became an epic". **Adjective:** Relating to or characteristic of an epic or epics (**حماسی**). "Our national epic poem Beowulf". Heroic or grand in scale or character (**قهرمانانه، شکوهمند، باشکوه**). "His epic journey around the world".

Answer 93

**Verb:** Tell someone about something; give an account of an event or experience (**حکایت کردن، روایت کردن، بازگو کردن**). "I recounted the tale to Steve". Count again (**بازشماری کردن**). "The children arrange and rearrange the objects in a set and recount them each time". **Noun:** An act or instance of giving an account of an event or experience (**شرح، روایت**). An act of counting something again, especially votes in an election (**بازشماری**).

Answer 94

**Noun:** A severe flood (**سیل عظیم**). "This may be the worst deluge in living memory". The biblical Flood (recorded in Genesis 6–8) (**طوفان نوح**). "The world appeared to be emerging still from the waters of the Deluge". A heavy fall of rain (**باران سیل‌آسا، رگبار**). "A deluge of rain hit the plains". A great quantity of something arriving at the same time (**انبوهی از چیزی سرازیر شدن**). "A deluge of complaints" **Verb:** Overwhelm with a flood (**غرق شدن یا کردن**). "Caravans were deluged by the heavy rains".

Answer 95

**Adjective:** Acting or done without careful consideration of the possible consequences; impetuous (**عجولانه**). "It would be extremely rash to make such an assumption". **Noun:** An area of redness and spots on a person's skin, appearing especially as a result of allergy or illness (**جوش، کهیر**). "A red itchy rash appeared on her legs". A series of things of the same type, especially when unwelcome, happening within a short space of time (**هجمه**). "A rash of strikes by health workers".

Answer 96

**Noun:** Extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain (**زجر، درد، پریشانی، اضطراب**). "To his distress he saw that she was trembling". The state of a ship or aircraft when in danger or difficulty and needing help (**شرایط اضطرار**). "Vessels in distress on or near the coast". Difficulty caused by lack of money (**مشکلات مالی**). "A company in financial distress". **Verb:** Cause (someone) anxiety, sorrow, or pain (**پریشان کردن، آزردن، درمانده کردن، زجر دادن**). "I didn't mean to distress you". Give (furniture or clothing) simulated marks of age and wear (**در لباس و وسایل منزل شکلی قدیمی و عتیقه ایجاد کردن**). "The manner in which leather jackets are industrially distressed".

Answer 97

**Noun:** The ability to predict what will happen or be needed in the future (**پیش‌بینی، آینده‌نگری**). "He had the foresight to check that his escape route was clear". The front sight of a gun (**مگسک تفنگ**).

Answer 98

**Noun:** A collection of wild animals kept in captivity for exhibition (**باغ‌وحش**). A strange or diverse collection of people or things (**کلکسیون عجیب، مجموعه‌ی ناهمگون**). "Some other specimen in the television menagerie".

Answer 99

**Noun:** (In the Bible) the ship built by Noah to save his family and two of every kind of animal from the Flood; Noah's ark (**کشتی نوح**). ARCHAIC A ship or boat (**کشتی، قایق**). Short for Ark of the Covenant (**صندوق میثاق، صندوق عهد**). “Many Ethiopians believe that Aksum is home to the Ark of the Covenant”. A small bivalve mollusc which attaches itself to rocks with byssus threads (**صدف عرشه‌دار، نوعی نرم‌تن دو کفه‌ای**). A low hut used to house livestock, often incorporating a covered run (**طویله، نوعی کلبه‌ی کم ارتفاع برای نگهداری دام**). "We reassembled the pig ark in preparation for our spring arrivals".

Answer 100

**Verb:** US: SAVOR Taste (good food or drink) and enjoy it to the full (**بی‌نهایت لذت بردن از مزه کردن**). "Gourmets will want to savour our game specialities". (غذاشناسان احتمالا از غذاهای محبوب ما که با گوشت شکار تهیه شده‌اند لذت خواهند برد). Will want to: is a phrase meaning prediction of a future condition. Have a suggestion or trace of (a quality or attribute, typically one considered bad) (**تحت تاثیر بودن، ردی یا ویژگی‌ای از چیزی داشتن**). "Their genuflections savoured of superstition and popery". (آنها با زانو زدن به زمین، عملی که معمولا به عنوان نشانه احترام یا عبادت انجام می‌شود، تحت تأثیر باورهای غیرعقلانی و کلیسای کاتولیک بودند). **Noun:** A characteristic taste, flavour, or smell, especially a pleasant one (**خوش مزه، خوش طعم، رایحه**). "The subtle savour of wood smoke".

Answer 101

**Noun:** An offering burnt on an altar as a religious sacrifice (**پیش‌کشی مذهبی که پس از قربانی کردن، در محراب سوزانده می‌شود**).

Answer 102

**Noun:** A distinctive, typically pleasant smell (**رایحه، عطر**). "The tantalizing aroma of fresh coffee". A subtle, pervasive quality or atmosphere (**وضعیت و حالت و ویژگی کلی چیزی**). "The aroma of officialdom".

Answer 103

**Adjective:** Belonging naturally; essential (**ذاتی، درونی، باطنی، اصلی**). "Access to the arts is intrinsic to a high quality of life".

Answer 104

**Noun:** The quality of being evil or morally wrong (**شرارت، تباهی، فساد، نابکاری**). "The wickedness of the regime".

Answer 105

**Verb:** Feel or express sincere regret or remorse about one's wrongdoing or sin (**توبه کردن، پشیمان بودن**). "The Padre urged his listeners to repent".

Answer 106

**Noun:** A flightless swift-running African bird with a long neck, long legs, and two toes on each foot. It is the largest living bird, with males reaching a height of up to 2.75 m (**شترمرغ**). A person who refuses to face reality or accept facts (**کسی که واقعیت را نادیده می‌گیرد و از روبرو شدن با آن اجتناب می‌کند**). "Don't be an ostrich when it comes to security systems".

Answer 107

**Noun:** A day of religious observance and abstinence from work, kept by Jewish people from Friday evening to Saturday evening, and by most Christians on Sunday (**روز عبادت، شنبه‌ی یهودیان و یکشنبه‌ی مسیحیان**). "We observe the Sabbath as God has commanded". A supposed midnight meeting held by witches (**ملاقات نیمه شب جادوگران**).

Answer 108

**Verb:** (In bridge, whist, and similar card games) play a trump on (a card of another suit) (**با حکم بریدن**). "Why on earth did you trump my ace?" Surpass (something) by saying or doing something better (**پیشی‌گرفتن، برتری یافتن، سبقت گرفتن**). "Taste trumps most if not all other factors when consumers choose food products". INFORMAL Break wind audibly (**گوزیدن**). "Someone just trumped in a crowded lift". **Noun:** The suit of cards ranking above the others in a particular hand (**خال حکم**). "The ace of trumps". A valuable resource that may be used, especially as a surprise, in order to gain an advantage (**برگ برنده**). "In this month General Haig decided to play his trump card: the tank". A trumpet or a trumpet blast (**شیپور**). "Would these pitiful dead not rise at the first blast of the trump?"

Answer 109

**Noun:** The collection of ancient Jewish laws and traditions for religious and social matters (**تلمود، مجموعه قوانین و سنن دینی و اجتماعی قوم یهود**).

Answer 110

**Noun:** A non-theistic religion founded in India in the 6th century BC as a reaction against the teachings of orthodox Brahmanism, and still practised there. The Jain religion teaches salvation by perfection through successive lives, and non-injury to living creatures, and is noted for its ascetics (**جین‌گرایی، دینی هندی مشابه بودایی**).

Answer 111

**Pronoun:** Archaic or dialect form of you, as the singular subject of a verb (**تو، ضمیر دوم شخص مفرد**). "Thou art fair, O my beloved". **Noun:** A thousand (**یک‌هزار**). "Two hundred thou". One thousandth of an inch (**یک‌هزارم اینچ**).

Answer 112

**Verb:** Archaic second person singular of shall (**فرم منسوخ شده از دوم شخص مفرد الزاما باید**).

Answer 113

**Noun:** A system in which members of an organization or society are ranked according to relative status or authority (**سلسله مراتب**). "The initiative was with those lower down in the hierarchy". The upper echelons* of a hierarchical system (**بلند‌پایگان، عالی‌رتبگان**). "The magazine was read quite widely even by some of the hierarchy". *Echelon: رده، رسته، آرایش پلکانی.

Answer 114

**Verb:** Have an intense feeling of longing for something, typically something that one has lost or been separated from (**مشتاق بودن، تمایل داشتن**). "She yearned for a glimpse of him".

Answer 115

**Noun:** A blunt-ended surgical instrument used for exploring a wound or part of the body (**نمونه‌بردار پزشکی**). A thorough investigation into a crime or other matter (**بررسی جامع و کامل، درآوردن ته و توی مسئله‌ای، کنکاش**). "A probe into city hall corruption". An unmanned exploratory spacecraft designed to transmit information about its environment (**کاوشگر فضایی**). **Verb:** Physically explore or examine (something) with the hands or an instrument (**کندوکاو، تفحص، کاوش کردن**). "Hands probed his body from top to bottom". Seek to uncover information about someone or something (**پرس و جو کردن، کنکاش کردن**). "What right had he to probe into her personal life?"

Answer 116

**Phrase:** Cause something to happen (**موجب شدن، سبب وقوع امری شدن، به ثمر نشاندن**). "She brought about a revolution in psychoanalysis". NAUTICAL Cause a ship to head in a different direction (**سبب تغییر مسیر کشتی شدن**). "He brought the ship about in a stylish tack".

Answer 117

**Verb:** Demand or specify (a requirement), typically as part of an agreement (**قید کردن، منوط کردن**). "He stipulated certain conditions before their marriage".

Answer 118

**Verb:** Take (the work or an idea of someone else) and pass it off as one's own (**سرقت ادبی**). "He was fined $6,000 for having plagiarized the song".

Answer 119

**Adjective:** Having a solid, almost unyielding surface or structure (**محکم، سفت، سخت**). "The bed should be reasonably firm, but not too hard". Solidly in place and stable (**مستحکم، استوار، ثابت**). "No building can stand without firm foundations". Showing resolute determination and strength of character (**قاطع، راسخ**). "Parents should be firm with children and not give in to their demands". Strongly felt and unlikely to change (**اعتقاد راسخ**). "He retains a firm belief in the efficacy of prayer". Decided upon and fixed or definite (**تصمیم قاطع**). "She had no firm plans for the next day". **Verb:** Make more solid or resilient (**محکم کردن، استوار کردن، ثابت کردن**). "How can I firm up a sagging bustline?" **Adverb:** In a resolute and determined manner (**پایبند، مصمم، قاطع**). "The Chancellor has held firm to tough economic policies". **Noun:** A business concern, especially one involving a partnership of two or more people (**شرکت، تجارت‌خانه**). "State support for small firms". A group of hospital doctors working as a team, headed by a consultant (**کمیسیون پزشکی**).

Answer 120

**Adjective:** Involving or limited to basic principles (**بدوی، ابتدایی، اولیه**). "He received a rudimentary education".

Answer 121

**Noun:** A cage or pen in which poultry are kept (**مرغ‌دان، قفس**). **Verb:** Confine in a small space (**در فضایی کوچک محدود کردن**). "Being cooped up indoors all day makes him fidgety". Put or keep (poultry) in a cage or pen (**نگهداری پرندگان در قفس یا مرغ‌دان**). "Our free-range chickens roam the barnyard instead of staying cooped up in a henhouse".

The Anthropocene Flashcards

(145 cards)