The Anthropocene Flashcards
Anthropocene
/ˈæn.θrə.pəˌsɪːn/
Adjective:
Relating to or denoting the current geological age, viewed as the period during which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment (مربوط به دوره‌ی انتروپوسین، مربوط به دوره‌ی زمین‌شناسی تسلط و تاثیر انسان بر زمین).
“We’ve become a major force of nature in this new Anthropocene epoch”.
Noun:
The current geological age, viewed as the period during which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment (دوره‌ی انتروپوسین، دوره‌ی زمین‌شناسی تسلط و تاثیر انسان بر زمین).
“Some geologists argue that the Anthropocene began with the Industrial Revolution”.
Sway
/sweɪ/
Verb:
Move or cause to move slowly or rhythmically backwards and forwards or from side to side (تاب خوردن، نوسان کردن).
“He swayed slightly on his feet”.
Control or influence (a person or course of action) (تاثیر گذاشتن، سلطه داشتن، نفوذ داشتن).
“He’s easily swayed by other people”.
Rule; govern (حکومت کردن، فرمان‌روایی کردن، حکم‌روایی).
“Now let the Lord forever reign and sway us as he will”.
Noun:
a rhythmical movement from side to side (تاب، نوسان).
“The easy sway of her hips”.
Rule; control (هِنایش، کنترل، سلطه، حکم).
“The country was under the sway of rival warlords”.
Phrase:
Hold sway
Have great power or influence over a particular person, place, or domain (تحت تاثیر، تحت نفوذ).
“They had held sway in France for a quarter of a century”.
Sway up
Hoist a mast into position (عَلم کردن دکل).
“Sway the mast up until the head has well entered the mast hole”.
Evade
/ɪˈveɪd/
Verb:
Escape or avoid (someone or something), especially by guile or trickery (با زرنگی اجتناب کردن یا فرار کردن).
“Friends helped him to evade capture for a time”.
(Of an abstract thing) elude (someone) (دوری کردن، اجتناب کردن).
“Sleep still evaded her” (خواب به چشمش نمی‌آید).
Avoid giving a direct answer to (a question) (طفره رفتن).
“He denied evading the question”.
Ecological
/ˌiː.kəˈlɑː.dʒɪ.kəl/
Adjective:
Relating to or concerned with the relation of living organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings (زیست محیطی).
“Pollution is posing a serious threat to the ecological balance of the oceans”.
Epoch
/ˈiː.pɑːk/
Noun:
A particular period of time in history or a person’s life (دوره، زمانه، عصر).
“The Victorian epoch”.
The beginning of a period in the history of someone or something (مبدا تاریخی).
“These events marked an epoch in their history”.
A division of time that is a subdivision of a period and is itself subdivided into ages, corresponding to a series in chronostratigraphy (دوره‌ی زمین‌شناسی).
“The Pliocene epoch”.
On a par with
Phrase of par:
Equal in importance or quality to (در برابر، هم‌تراز با).
“This home cooking is on a par with the best in the world”.
Terrestrial
/təˈres.tri.əl/
Adjective:
On or relating to the earth (زمینی، خشکی، خاکی).
“Increased ultraviolet radiation may disrupt terrestrial ecosystems”.
Of or on dry land (روی زمین، زمینی).
“A submarine eruption will be much more explosive than its terrestrial counterpart”.
Noun:
An inhabitant of the earth (ساکن زمین، خاکزی).
Aeon
/ˈiː.ɑːn/
Noun:
An indefinite and very long period of time (ابدیت، اعصار متمادی).
“He reached the crag aeons before I arrived”.
PHILOSOPHY
(In Neoplatonism, Platonism, and Gnosticism) a power existing from eternity; an emanation or phase of the supreme deity (قدرت ازلی در تفکر افلاطونی و ناستیسیزم).
Confine
/kənˈfaɪn/
Verb:
Keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits of (space, scope, or time) (محدود کردن، محصور کردن، حبس کردن).
“He does not confine his message to high politics”.
Noun:
The borders or boundaries of a place, especially with regard to their restricting freedom of movement (حصار، محدوده).
“Within the confines of the hall escape was difficult”.
Poise
/pɔɪz/
Noun:
Graceful and elegant bearing in a person (وقار، متانت).
“Poise and good deportment can be cultivated”.
Verb:
Be or cause to be balanced or suspended (متوازن کردن، معلق کردن).
“He poised motionless on his toes”.
Be ready and prepared to do something (آماده‌باش).
“Teachers are poised to resume their attack on government school tests”.
Marsupial
/mɑːrˈsuː.pi.əl/
Noun:
A mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother’s belly. Marsupials are found chiefly in Australia and New Guinea, and also in America (کیسه‌دار).
Topography
/təˈpɑː.ɡrə.fi/
Noun:
The arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area (ویژگی‌های جغرافیایی).
“The topography of the island”.
A detailed description or representation on a map of the physical features of an area (مکان‌نگاری، توپوگرافی).
ANATOMY-BIOLOGY
The distribution of parts or features on the surface of or within an organ or organism (جای‌نگاری، بررسی اعضا و ویژگی ارگان یا اندام).
Mingle
/ˈmɪŋ.ɡəl/
Verb:
Mix or cause to mix together (آمیختن، مخلوط کردن).
“The sound of voices mingled with a scraping of chairs”.
Move among and engage with others at a social function (معاشرت کردن، نشست و برخاست کردن).
“A chance to mingle with celebs”.
Trickle
/ˈtrɪk.əl/
Verb:
(Of a liquid) flow in a small stream (چکه کردن).
“A solitary tear trickled down her cheek”.
Come, go, or appear slowly or gradually (جریان و حرکت آهسته و تدریجی).
“The first members of the congregation began to trickle in”.
Noun:
A small flow of liquid (چکه چکه، نم نم).
“A trickle of blood”.
Torrent
/ˈtɔːr.ənt/
Noun:
A strong and fast-moving stream of water or other liquid (سیل، سیلاب).
“Rain poured down in torrents”.
An overwhelming outpouring of (something, typically words) (هجمه و طغیان چیزی معمولا کلمات).
“She was subjected to a torrent of abuse”.
Criss-cross
/ˈkrɪs.krɑːs/
Noun:
A pattern of intersecting straight lines or paths (الگویی با خطوط مستقیم متقاطع).
“The blotting paper was marked with a criss-cross of different inks”.
Adjective:
Containing a number of straight lines or paths which intersect each other (متقاطع).
“The streets ran in a regular criss-cross pattern”.
Verb:
Form a pattern of intersecting lines or paths on (a place) (به صورت متقاطع بودن).
“The green hill was criss-crossed with a network of sheep tracks”.
Bind
/baɪnd/
Verb:
Tie or fasten (something) tightly together (بستن، بند زدن، متصل کردن).
“They bound her hands and feet”.
Stick together or cause to stick together in a single mass (به هم چسباندن، متصل کردن، یکپارچه کردن).
“Mix the flour with the coconut and enough egg white to bind them”.
Noun:
A problematical situation (مخمصه، شرایط بغرنج).
“He is in a bind that gets worse with every passing minute”.
A statutory constraint (محدودیت قانونی).
“The moral bind of the law”.
Flora and fauna
/ˌflɔːr.ə ən ˈfɑː.nə/
Noun:
The flora and fauna of a place are its plants and animals (گیاهان و حیوانات).
“The flora and fauna of the woodland were similar to those of the forested regions to the north”.
Elk
/elk/
Noun:
Another term for moose; wapiti (گوزن شمالی).
Anthropology
/ˌæn.θrəˈpɑː.lə.dʒi/
Noun:
The study of human societies and cultures and their development (انسان‌شناسی).
“They examine lesser-known findings in archaeology and anthropology to highlight all that we don’t know about human history”.
Archaeology
/ˌɑːr.kiˈɑː.lə.dʒi/
Noun:
The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artefacts and other physical remains (باستان‌شناسی).
“It is very rare in archaeology to work on organic materials”.
Animism
/ˈæn.ə.mɪ.zəm/
Noun:
The attribution of a living soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena (روح‌باوری، باور وجود روح در گیاهان و پدیده‌های طبیعی).
The belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe (جان‌گرایی، قدرت ماورایی جان‌بخش دنیای مادی).
“A village steeped in ancient animism and rituals”.
Wraith
/reɪθ/
Noun:
A ghost or ghostlike image of someone, especially one seen shortly before or after their death (شبح، روح).
Used in reference to a pale, thin, or insubstantial person or thing (شخص یا شی رنگ پریده، لاغر و ضعیف).
“Heart attacks had reduced his mother to a wraith”.
LITERARY
A wisp or faint trace of something (ردی ضعیف و کم‌رنگ از چیزی).
“A sea breeze was sending a grey wraith of smoke up the slopes”.
Tuber
/ˈtuː.bɚ/
Noun:
A much thickened underground part of a stem or rhizome, e.g. in the potato, serving as a food reserve and bearing buds from which new plants arise (سبزیجات ریشه‌ای).
ANATOMY
A rounded swelling or protuberant part (غده‌ی بدنی).
“Tuber cinereum”.
Spouse
/spaʊs/
Noun:
A husband or wife, considered in relation to their partner (همسر، شریک زندگی).
“Communication is the key to understanding your spouse, partner, or significant other”.
Inferior
/ɪnˈfɪr.i.ɚ/
Adjective:
Lower in rank, status, or quality (پست، پایین، حقیر، دون‌پایه).
“Schooling in inner-city areas was inferior to that in the rest of the country”.
Low or lower in position (تحتانی).
“Ulcers located in the inferior and posterior wall of the duodenum”.
Noun:
A person lower than another in rank, status, or ability (فرودست، زیردست).
“Her social and intellectual inferiors”.
Dire
/daɪr/
Adjective:
Extremely serious or urgent (ناگوار، مبرم، وخیم، وحشتناک).
“Misuse of drugs can have dire consequences”.
Burst
/bɝːst/
Verb:
Break open or apart suddenly and violently, especially as a result of an impact or internal pressure (ترکیدن، منفجر شدن).
“One of the balloons burst”.
Be so full as almost to break open (در حد انفجار پر بودن).
“The wardrobe was bursting with piles of clothes”.
Feel a very strong or irrepressible emotion or impulse (سرشار از احساسات بودن یا شدن).
“He was bursting with joy and excitement”.
Issue, move or open suddenly, forcefully and uncontrollably (به صورت ناگهانی و زورکی و غیرقابل کنترل روی دادن، حرکت کردن یا باز کردن).
“The words burst from him in an angry rush”.
Noun:
An instance of breaking or splitting as a result of internal pressure or puncturing; an explosion (انفجار).
“The mortar bursts were further away than before”.
A sudden brief outbreak (همه‌گیری ناگهانی).
“A burst of activity”.
A period of continuous and intense effort (یک دوره‌ی فعالیت مداوم و شدید).
“He sailed 474 miles in one 24-hour burst”.
Marvel
/ˈmɑːr.vəl/
Verb:
Be filled with wonder or astonishment (شگفت‌زده شدن).
“She marvelled at Jeffrey’s composure”.
Noun:
A wonderful or astonishing person or thing (شگفتی، حیرت، باشکوه).
“The marvels of technology”.
Initiate
/ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/
/ɪˈnɪʃ.i.ət/
Verb:
/ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/
Cause (a process or action) to begin (آغازیدن، شروع کردن).
“He proposes to initiate discussions on planning procedures”.
Admit (someone) into a secret or obscure society or group, typically with a ritual (پذیرفتن، عضو کردن، وارد کردن).
“She had been formally initiated into the movement”.
Noun:
/ɪˈnɪʃ.i.ət/
A person who has been initiated into an organization or activity (عضو، هم‌گروهی).
“An initiate of the cult”.
Convey
/kənˈveɪ/
Verb:
Transport or carry to a place (بردن، رساندن، فرستادن، حمل کردن، منتقل کردن).
“Pipes were laid to convey water to the house”.
Make (an idea, impression, or feeling) known or understandable (شناساندن، معنی بخشیدن، مفهوم کردن).
“The real virtues and diversity of America had never been conveyed in the movies”.
Communicate (a message or information) (رسان‌گری کردن، انتقال دادن پیام یا اطلاعات).
“Mr Harvey and his daughter have asked me to convey their very kind regards”.
LAW
Transfer the title to (property) (انتقال دادن مالکیت ملک).
“No application for registration is required when the property is conveyed following a court order”.
Forager
/ˈfɔːr.ɪdʒ.ɚ/
Noun:
A person or animal that searches widely for food or provisions (غذاجو، انسان یا حیوانی که محیط گسترده‌ای را برای غذا جستجو می‌کند).
“He is an expert forager who finds and eats healthy, local ingredients growing in the wild”.
Expulsion
/ɪkˈspʌl.ʃən/
Noun:
The action of forcing someone to leave an organization (اخراج).
“His expulsion from the union”.
The action or process of forcing someone to leave a place (بیرون کردن).
“The expulsion of two diplomats from the embassy”.
The action of forcing something out of the body (از بدن دفع کردن).
“Oxytocin causes expulsion of milk from the lactating mammary gland”.
Bear
/ber/
Verb:
Carry the weight of; support (تحمل کردن).
“The bees form large colonies and need the thick branches of tall trees to bear the weight of their nests”.
Take responsibility for (مسئولیت قبول کردن).
“No one likes to bear the responsibility for such decisions”.
Be able to accept or stand up to (چیزی را قبول کردن یا پذیرفتن).
“It is doubtful whether either of these distinctions would bear scrutiny”.
Scrutiny: بررسی موشکافانه، کنکاش کردن.
Endure (an ordeal or difficulty) (تاب آوردن، ایستادگی کردن).
“She bore the pain stoically”.
Manage to tolerate (a situation or experience) (از پس شرایط دشوار بر آمدن).
“She could hardly bear his sarcasm”.
Strongly dislike (منزجر بودن، متنفر بودن).
“I can’t bear caviar”
FORMAL-LITERARY
(Of a person) carry (someone or something) (حمل کردن کسی یا چیزی).
“He was bearing a tray of brimming glasses”.
(Of a vehicle or boat) convey (passengers or cargo) (منتقل کردن، ترابری کردن، جابجا کردن).
“Steamboats bear the traveller out of Kerrerra Sound”.
Have or display as a visible mark or feature (حاوی علامت یا ویژگی خاصی بودن، حامل بودن).
“Many of the papers bore his flamboyant signature”.
Be called by (a name or title) (با نام یا لقب خطاب کردن).
“He bore the surname Tiller”.
Carry or conduct oneself in a specified manner (با خود به شیوه‌ای خاص رفتار یا برخورد کردن).
“She bore herself with dignity”.
FORMAL-LITERARY
Give birth to (a child) (زاییدن، به دنیا آوردن، وضع حمل کردن، زادن).
“She bore six daughters”.
(Of a tree or plant) produce (fruit or flowers) (عمل آوردن، میوه و محصول دادن).
“The squash bears fruit shaped like cucumbers”.
Turn and proceed in a specified direction (در جهت خاصی چرخیدن و ادامه دادن).
“Bear left and follow the old drove road”.
Noun:
A large, heavy mammal that walks on the soles of its feet, having thick fur and a very short tail. Bears are related to the dog family but most species are omnivorous (خرس).
A large, heavy, cumbersome man (مرد تنومند).
“A lumbering bear of a man”.
A nickname for Russia (لقب روسیه).
noun: the Bear.
Striking resemblance
/ˈstraɪ.kɪŋ/ /rɪˈzem.bləns/
Phrase:
Two people or things look very similar or almost identical to each other. It is often used to describe a strong or noticeable similarity in appearance, behavior, or character (شباهت چشم‌گیر).
“She has a striking resemblance to her mother”.
Condemn
/kənˈdem/
Verb:
Express complete disapproval of; censure (نکوهش کردن، مخالفت شدید کردن، سرزنش کردن).
“Most leaders roundly condemned the attack”.
Sentence (someone) to a particular punishment, especially death (محکوم کردن).
“The rebels had been condemned to death”.
Semitic
/səˈmɪt̬.ɪk/
Adjective:
Relating to or denoting a family of languages that includes Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic and certain ancient languages such as Phoenician and Akkadian, constituting the main subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic family (زبان سامی).
Relating to the peoples who speak Semitic languages, especially Hebrew and Arabic (نژاد سامی).
Primordial
/praɪˈmɔːr.di.əl/
Adjective:
Existing at or from the beginning of time; primeval (اولیه، ازلی).
“The primordial oceans”.
(Especially of a feeling or state) basic and fundamental (اساسی، اصلی، غریزی).
“The primordial needs of the masses”.
Genesis
/ˈdʒen.ə.sɪs/
Noun:
The origin or mode of formation of something (پیدایش، تکوین، آفرینش).
“This tale had its genesis in fireside stories”.
Progenitor
/proʊˈdʒen.ə.t̬ɚ/
Noun:
A person or thing from which a person, animal, or plant is descended or originates; an ancestor or parent (جد، نیاکان، پیشینیان، والدین).
“His children were the progenitors of many of Scotland’s noble families”.
A person who originates a cultural or intellectual movement (پیشرو، بنیان‌گذار، آغازگر یک جنبش فکری یا فرهنگی).
“The progenitor of modern jazz”.
Advent
/ˈæd.vent/
Noun:
The arrival of a notable person or thing (شرف‌یابی، رسیدن، پیدایش).
“The advent of television”.
The coming or second coming of Christ (ظهور یا ظهور مجدد مسیح).
Boar
/bɔːr/
Noun:
A tusked Eurasian wild pig from which domestic pigs are descended, exterminated in Britain in the 17th century (گراز وحشی).
An uncastrated domestic male pig (خوک نر اخته نشده).
Redundant
/rɪˈdʌn.dənt/
Adjective:
Not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous (زاید، اضافی).
“Many of the old skills had become redundant”.
BRITISH
(Of a person) no longer employed because there is no more work available (تعدیل نیرو شده).
“Eight permanent staff were made redundant”.
(Of words or data) able to be omitted without loss of meaning or function (حشو، زیادی).
“Our peculiar affection for redundant phrases”.
Mutilate
/ˈmjuː.t̬əl.eɪt/
Verb:
Inflict a violent and disfiguring injury on (،ناقص کردن، معیوب کردن، مثله کردن).
“Most of the prisoners had been mutilated”.
Inflict serious damage on (مجروح کردن، زیان رساندن).
“The fine carved screen was mutilated in the 18th century”.
Contradict
/ˌkɑːn.trəˈdɪkt/
Verb:
Deny the truth of (a statement) by asserting the opposite (نقض کردن، تکذیب کردن، رد کردن).
“The survey appears to contradict the industry’s claims”.
Be in conflict with (مخالف بودن، مخالفت کردن، نفی کردن).
“The existing layout of the city contradicted the logic of the new centre”.
Mould (UK)/ Mold (US)
/moʊld/
Noun:
A hollow container used to give shape to molten or hot liquid material when it cools and hardens (قالب).
“The smith would pour the molten metal into the shaped mould”.
A distinctive and typical style, form, or character (کالبد، تیپ و استایل، شکل).
“He’s a superb striker in the same mould as Gary Lineker”.
Verb:
Form (an object) out of malleable material (قالب‌گیری کردن).
“Mould the figure from white fondant”.
Influence the formation or development of (شکل دادن، فرم دادن).
“He was instrumental in moulding the policy and ideals of the journal”.
Superficial
/ˌsuː.pɚˈfɪʃ.əl/
Adjective:
Existing or occurring at or on the surface (ظاهری، سطحی).
“The building suffered only superficial damage”.
Appearing to be true or real only until examined more closely (ظاهرا و سطحی درست و صحیح).
“The resemblance between the breeds is superficial”.
Not thorough, deep, or complete; cursory (سرسری، گذرا، ناقص، سطحی).
“He had only the most superficial knowledge of foreign countries”.
Outshine
/ˌaʊtˈʃaɪn/
Past tense and past participle: outshone.
Verb:
Shine more brightly than (درخشیدن، روشن‌تر درخشیدن از).
“A supernova would outshine all the other stars in its galaxy”.
Be much better than (someone) in a particular area (پیشی گرفتن، بیشتر جلوه کردن، سرتر بودن).
“It is a shame when a mother outshines a daughter”.
Macho
/ˈmɑː.tʃoʊ/
Adjective:
Masculine in an overly assertive or aggressive way (نرینه‌رفتار، مردانه).
“The big macho tough guy”.
Noun:
A man who is masculine in an overly assertive or aggressive way (نر، نروک).
“I realized just what a macho I was at heart”.
Sow
/soʊ/
Verb:
Plant (seed) by scattering it on or in the earth (بذرپاشی کردن، بذر افشاندن).
“Fill a pot with compost and sow a thin layer of seeds on top”.
Plant the seeds of (a plant or crop) (کاشتن).
“Catch crops should be sown after minimal cultivation”.
Be thickly covered with (بسیار ضخیم پوشیده شده با چیزی).
“The night sky was sown with stars”.
Disseminate or introduce (something undesirable) (منتشر یا معرفی کردن چیزی نامطلوب).
“The new policy has sown confusion and doubt”.
Noun:
An adult female pig, especially one which has farrowed (ماده خوک بالغ).
“There are ten sows and fifty piglets* at the farm”.
*piglet: خوکچه، بچه خوک.
A large block of metal (larger than a ‘pig’) made by smelting (بلوک آهنی بزرگ).
“The machine produces aluminium sow ingots in a range of sizes”.
Phrase:
Sow the seeds of:
Do something that will eventually bring about (a particular result) (انجام کاری با نتیجه‌ای مشخص).
“The council is sowing the seeds of its own destruction”.
You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear:
You can’t create a fine product from inferior materials (با جنس بنجل محصول باکیفیت ساخته نمی‌شود).
Matriarch
/ˈmeɪ.tri.ɑːrk/
Noun:
A woman who is the head of a family or tribe (زن‌سالار، گیس‌سفید).
“In some cultures the mother proceeds to the status of a matriarch”.
Olfactory
/ɑːlˈfæk.ter.i/
Adjective:
Relating to the sense of smell (شامه‌ای، بویایی، بویشی).
“The olfactory organs”.
Snout
/snaʊt/
Noun:
The projecting nose and mouth of an animal, especially a mammal (پوزه، پوز).
“A sea lion balanced a ball on its snout”.
Rival
/ˈraɪ.vəl/
Noun:
A person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field of activity (رقیب، حریف، هم‌آورد).
“He has no serious rival for the job”.
A person or thing that equals another in quality (هم‌لِوِل، هم‌سطح، هم‌رده).
“She has no rivals as a female rock singer”.
Verb:
Be or seem to be equal or comparable to (هم‌آوردی کردن، هم‌سطح بودن، شانه به شانه زدن).
“He was a photographer whose fame rivalled that of his subjects”.
Primate
/ˈpraɪ.mət/
Noun:
The chief bishop or archbishop of a province (اسقف یا اسقف اعظم).
“The primate of Poland”.
A mammal of an order that includes the lemurs, bushbabies, tarsiers, marmosets, monkeys, apes, and humans. They are distinguished by having hands, feet that are similar to hands, and forward-facing eyes, and, with the exception of humans, are typically agile tree-dwellers (راسته‌ی نخستیان که میمون و گوریل و انسان هم عضو آن هستند).
Gestation crate
/dʒesˈteɪ.ʃən/ /kreɪt/
A gestation crate, also known as a sow stall, is a metal enclosure in which a farmed sow used for breeding may be kept during pregnancy (جعبه‌ی حاملگی، محفظه‌ی بارداری**).
Gestation: بارداری، حاملگی.
Crate: صندوق، محفظه، خودروی لکنته.
Suckle
/ˈsʌk.əl/
Verb:
Feed (a baby or young animal) from the breast or teat (از پستان تغذیه کردن، شیر دادن یا شیر خوردن).
“A mother pig was suckling a huge litter”.
Wean
/wiːn/
Noun:
Accustom* (an infant or other young mammal) to food other than its mother’s milk (از شیر گرفتن).
*Accustom: عادت کردن، آشنا شدن، انس گرفتن.
