The Humanist Revolution Flashcards

Question

Denounce /dɪˈnaʊns/

Answer 1

**Verb:** Publicly declare to be wrong or evil (**تقبیح کردن، نکوهیدن، محکوم کردن**). "The Assembly denounced the use of violence". Inform against (**بر ضد کسی گواهی دادن، چغلی کردن، متهم کردن، دال بر گناهکاری شهادت دادن**). "Priests **denounced** him **to** the King for heresy".

Answer 2

**Noun:** someone whose job is to make ideas, events, etc. seem better than they really are, especially in politics (**توجیه‌گر**، متخصص شگرد چرخش خبری در پروپاگاندا یا همان جوسازی خبری و علوم روابط عمومی). “News coverage of the campaign can be influenced to a candidate’s advantage by spin doctors”.

Answer 3

**Noun:** A bat with a round or oval frame strung with catgut, nylon, etc., used especially in tennis, badminton, and squash (**راکت ورزشی**). "A squash racket". NORTH AMERICAN A snowshoe resembling a racket (**کف‌پوش برف‌نوردی، راکتِ برف**). A loud unpleasant noise; a din (**هیاهو، جنجال، همهمه**). "The kids were making a racket". INFORMAL An illegal or dishonest scheme for obtaining money (**اخاذی، کلاه‌برداری، حقه‌بازی**). "A protection racket". A person's line of business or way of life (**شغل، رسته‌ی کاری، صنف**). "I'm in the insurance racket". **Verb:** Make or move with a loud unpleasant noise (**با سر و صدا حرکت کردن**). "Trains racketed by". Enjoy oneself socially; go in pursuit of pleasure or entertainment (**عشق و حال کردن، عیاشی کردن**). "A fabulous car for racketing around Paris".

Answer 4

**Noun:** A system of voting secretly and in writing on a particular issue (**رای‌گیری**). "A strike ballot". The total number of votes cast in a ballot (**مجموع کل آرا**). "He won 54 per cent of **the ballot**" The piece of paper used to record a person's vote (**برگه‌ی رای**). "There were fifty-three abstentions and twenty-eight spoilt ballots". List of people you can vote for (**فهرست نامزدهای انتخابات**) "The ballot included candidates from multiple political parties, giving voters a range of choices for the upcoming election". **Verb:** (Of an organization) ask (members) to vote secretly on an issue (**به رای گذاشتن**). "The union is preparing to ballot its members on industrial action". Cast one's vote on an issue (**رای دادن**). "Ambulance crews balloted unanimously to reject the deal". Decide the allocation of (something) to applicants by drawing lots (**قرعه‌کشی کردن**). "If the offer is oversubscribed acceptances will be balloted". —————— Down-ballot — used to refer to people who are trying to get elected for less important political jobs, whose names are usually printed lower down on the ballot (= list of people you can vote for), or to contests between these people. Down-ballot candidate: “In Missouri, only a few down-ballot candidates have benefited so far from the end of donation limits”. Down-ballot race: “It's difficult for Democrats in down-ballot races to get attention”.

Answer 5

**Phrase:** The time when a situation or event is strongest or most full of activity (**حد نهایتِ، در اوجِ**). “August is the height of the tourist season”. “At the height of the crisis we were left without any help”.

Answer 6

**Noun:** An unsophisticated or socially awkward person from the countryside (**دهاتی هالو و کودن**). "She thought Tom a bit of a country bumpkin".

Answer 7

**Noun:** ARCHAIC•HUMOROUS A girl or young woman (**دختر دهقان، دخترک**، با حالت تمسخر). "In the new film about Columbus, she plays the token buxom wench" ARCHAIC A prostitute (**فاحشه**). **Verb:** ARCHAIC (Of a man) habitually associate with prostitutes (**زن‌بارگی کردن**).

Answer 8

**Noun:** An external form, appearance, or manner of presentation, typically concealing the true nature of something (**ماسک، لباس مبدل، ظاهر، نما**). "He visited in the guise of an inspector".

Answer 9

Dove (German word) = pigeon (French word). **Noun:** A stocky bird with a small head, short legs, and a cooing voice, feeding on seeds or fruit. Doves are generally smaller and more delicate than pigeons, but many kinds have been given both names (**کبوتر**). A person who advocates peaceful or conciliatory policies, especially in foreign affairs (**سیاستمدار آشتی‌گرا و صلح‌طلب**). "He was the cabinet's leading dove, the only minister to advocate peace talks".

Answer 10

**Noun:** An intense and widely shared enthusiasm for something, especially one that is short-lived; a craze (**هوس لحظه‌ای، ناپا**). "Some regard green politics as no more than the latest fad". An arbitrary like or dislike (**دمدمی مزاج**). "His fads about the type of coffee he must have".

Answer 11

**Noun:** (In Greek and Roman mythology) each of nine goddesses, the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, who preside over the arts and sciences (**هر یک از ۹ الهه‌ی یونان باستان و دختران زئوس**). A person or personified force who is the source of inspiration for a creative artist (**فرد یا نیروی منبع الهام هنرمند**). "Yeats' muse, Maud Gonne" (ماد گان، منبع الهامِ یات). **Verb:** Be absorbed in thought (**غرق افکار بودن، در بحر تفکر فرو رفتن**). "He was musing on the problems he faced". Say to oneself in a thoughtful manner (**با تعمق به خود گفتن، در ذهن با خود صحبت کردن**). "‘I think I've seen him somewhere before,’ mused Rachel". Gaze thoughtfully at (**در حال تفکر به جایی خیره شدن**). "He sat on the edge of the bank, legs dangling, eyes musing on the water".

Answer 12

**Noun:** A religious song or poem of praise to God or a god (**سرود مذهبی، مداحی**). "A Hellenistic hymn to Apollo". **Verb:** Praise (something) (**مدح و ثنا گفتن، چیزی را ستایش کردن**). "The joys of domesticity were being hymned in magazines".

Answer 13

**Verb:** Spread throughout (something); pervade (**تراویدن، پخش شدن، فراگرفتن**). "The aroma of soup permeated the air".

Answer 14

**Noun:** A sudden and unaccountable change of mood or behavior (**دمدمی مزاح**). "The caprices of the electorate".

Answer 15

**Noun:** A repeated rhythmic phrase, typically one shouted or sung in unison by a crowd (**شعار، مناجات، آواز، نوا، رامش**). "A group of young people set up a chant of ‘Why are we waiting?’" **Verb:** Say or shout repeatedly in a sing-song tone (**با ضرب‌آهنگ مکررا گفتن یا فریاد زدن، شعار دادن**). "Protesters were chanting slogans". "The crowd were chanting the team's name".

Answer 16

**Noun:** A channel for conveying water or other fluid (**کانال، آب‌راه، کاریز**). "Nearby springs supplied the conduit which ran into the brewery". A person or organization that acts as a channel for the transmission of something (**واسطه، شخص یا ارگانی در نقش رابط و واسطه برای انتقال چیزی**). "As an actor you have to be a conduit for other people's words". A tube or trough for protecting electric wiring (**سیم‌راه، مسیر یا لوله‌ای مخصوص حفاظت از سیم**). "The gas pipe should not be close to any electrical conduit".

Answer 17

**Noun:** The prevailing fashion or style at a particular time (**مُد، همه‌پسند، رواج**). "The vogue is to make realistic films". "Crochet garments are in vogue this season". **Adjective:** Popular; fashionable (**رایج**). "Service has become a vogue word over the past 35 years". **Verb:** Dance to music in such a way as to imitate the characteristic poses struck by a model on a catwalk. to strike poses in campy imitation of fashion models especially as a kind of dance (**ادای راه رفتن مدل‌ها را درآوردن، ادا اطوار درآوردن**). "One dancer stopped traffic to vogue between a bus and an ice cream truck".

Answer 18

**Noun:** A bowl or other receptacle, typically attached to a wall in a public toilet, into which men may urinate (**توالت سرپایی، لگن، محل ادرار، پیشاب‌گاه**). “In 1917, an artist took an ordinary mass-produced urinal, named it *Fountain*, signed his name at the bottom, declared it a work of art and placed it in a Paris museum”.

Answer 19

**Idiom:** Available and ready to be won or taken (**برای همگان در دسترس**). “There are hundreds of prizes up for grabs”. Not fixed and is open to debate or reinterpretation (**قابل تفسیر و برداشت شخصی**). “The very definition of art is consequently up for grabs”.

Answer 20

**Noun:** An association of people for mutual aid or the pursuit of a common goal (**صنف، رسته، انجمن**). “The Writers' Guild”. A medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power (**اتحادیه‌ی صنفی در قرون وسطی**). استفاده از این لغت از دهه‌ی ۱۹۵۰ به بعد کاهش چشم‌گیری داشته است.

Answer 21

**Verb:** Take the place of (a person or thing previously in authority or use); supplant (**جایگزین شدن، جای چیزی را گرفتن، از اعتبار انداختن، تقدم داشتن**). "The older models of car have now been superseded".

Answer 22

**Noun:** A raised enclosed platform in a church or chapel from which the preacher delivers a sermon (**منبر**). "Many ministers delivered political guidance from their pulpits". A raised platform in the bows of a fishing boat or whaler (**سکویی برجسته در دماغه‌ی کشتی ماهی‌گیری**). A guard rail enclosing a small area at the bow of a yacht (**نرده‌ی محافظ دماغه‌ی کشتی تفریحی**).

Answer 23

**Idiom:** Used to emphasize that you hope that something will not happen (**خدایی ناکرده، خدا نکند**). “Supposing I had an accident. ‘God forbid!’” “My guess is this: **Heaven forbid that** you have a cancer right now”

Answer 24

**Noun:** The mammary gland of female cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and related animals, having two or more teats and hanging between the hind legs of the animal (**پستان**). “A method of controlling udder disease”.

Answer 25

**Noun:** The final total of an account or balance sheet (**سود و زیان، جمع کل درآمد که تعیین کننده‌ی سود هر سهم است**). "The rise in turnover failed to add to the company's bottom line". The fundamental and most important factor (**اساس، دستاورد اصلی، عامل اساسی**). "The bottom line is I'm still married to Denny". **Phrase:** At bottom — fundamentally (**اساسا، یک کلام**). "At bottom, science is exploration".

Answer 26

**Verb:** Gradually but firmly establish (an idea or attitude) in a person's mind (**تلقین کردن، القا کردن، به تدریج در فکر جا کردن، به مرور نهادینه شدن**). "The standards her parents had instilled into her". Put (a substance) into something in the form of liquid drops (**قطره قطره در چیزی وارد کردن یا چکاندن**). "She was told how to instil eye drops".

Answer 27

**Noun:** Opposite: exclave. A portion of territory surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct (**درون‌بوم، سرزمین محصور در سرزمینی دیگر**). "They gave troops a week to leave the coastal enclave". A place or group that is different in character from those surrounding it (**فرهنگ اقلیت، متفاوت با اطرافیان، تحت سلطه‌ی گروهی خاص، انحصار**). "The engineering department is traditionally a male enclave".

Answer 28

**Adjective:** Constructed in a rudimentary or makeshift way or (Of an action) showing little finesse or subtlety and as a result unlikely to succeed (**ناشیانه**). "The inspectors dismissed the documents as crude forgeries". "The accounts are contradictory and smack of a rather crude attempt at a cover-up". Offensively coarse or explicit, especially in relation to sexual matters (**مستهجن، شوخی جنسی توهین‌آمیز، گستاخانه، بی‌ادبانه**). "A crude joke". In a natural or raw state; not yet processed or refined (**خام، پرورده نشده**). "Crude oil". **Noun:** Natural mineral oil (**نفت خام**). "The ship was carrying 80,000 tonnes of crude".

Answer 29

**Noun:** A harsh discordant mixture of sounds (**صدای گوش‌خراش، صدای ناهنجار، دژآوا**). "A cacophony of deafening alarm bells".

Answer 30

**Verb:** Struggle to surmount* (a difficulty) (**برای غلبه بر چیزی دست و پنجه نرم کردن، جنگیدن، ستیز کردن**). "She had to contend with his uncertain temper". *surmount: غلبه کردن بر. Compete with others in a struggle to achieve (something) (**رقابت کردن**). "Factions within the government were contending for the succession to the presidency". Assert something as a position in an argument (**مدعی بودن یا شدن، جر و بحث کردن، مناظره کردن**). "He contends that the judge was wrong".

Answer 31

**Noun:** An aromatic plant whose greyish-green leaves are used as a culinary herb, native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean (**مریم گلی**). (Especially in ancient history or legend) a profoundly wise man (**مرشد، حکیم، خردمند، دانا، فرزانه**). "The sayings of the numerous venerable sages". **Adjective:** Profoundly wise (**خردمندانه، حکیمانه، مرشدانه، فرزانه‌وار**). "They nodded in agreement with these sage remarks".

Answer 32

**Verb:** Install (a monarch or bishop) on a throne, especially during a ceremony to mark the beginning of their rule (**بر اریکه‌ی قدرت نشاندن، بر تخت نشاندن**). "The new archbishop was enthroned in York Minster".

Answer 33

**Verb:** Gather together or accumulate (a large amount or number of material or things) over a period of time (**گردآوری کردن، اندوختن، انباشتن، کپه کردن، جمع کردن**). "He amassed a fortune estimated at close to a million pounds".

Answer 34

**Noun:** The branch of mathematics dealing with the relations of the sides and angles of triangles and with the relevant functions of any angles (**مثلثات**). “Trigonometry concerns the functions of angles, such as sine, cosine, and tangent”.

Answer 35

**Informative:** Astounding is an adjective that means “surprisingly impressive or notable” while outstanding means “exceptionally good or distinguished.” While both words can be used to describe something that is impressive, astounding tends to emphasize surprise or shock while outstanding emphasizes excellence and distinction.

Answer 36

**Adjective:** Most extreme; greatest (**نهایت، بیشترین، حداکثر، در بهترین حالت**). "A matter of the utmost importance". **Noun:** The greatest or most extreme extent or amount (**غایت، حد نهایت، حد ممکن، بیشینه**). "A plot that stretches credulity **to the utmost**". **Phrases:** Do one's utmost — do the most that one is able (**نهایت تلاش**). "Dan was doing his utmost to be helpful"

Answer 37

**Verb:** Consist of; be made up of (**در بر داشتن، شامل بودن**). "The country comprises twenty states". Make up or constitute (a whole) (**تشکیل دادن، متشکل بودن**). "This single breed comprises 50 per cent of the Swiss cattle population".

Answer 38

**Phrase:** Remove, dispel, or abolish something in a swift and sudden way (**از صفحه‌ی روزگار محو کردن، نابود کردن، از بین بردن**). "She smiled and all my doubts were swept away". Overwhelm someone with emotion (**از خود بی‌خود شدن یا کردن**). "I was swept away by my love for her". **Phrase:** Sweep someone away/along — to make someone very interested or involved in something, especially in a way that makes them forget everything else (**از خود بی‌خود شدن، مجذوب چیزی شدن**). “We couldn't help being swept away by Bette's enthusiasm”.

Answer 39

**Adjective:** Extremely beautiful and delicate (**شگرف، عالی، بدیع**). "Exquisite, jewel-like portraits". Intensely felt (**حد اعلای احساس، با تمام وجود حس شده، حد نهایت احساس**). "The most exquisite kind of agony". **Noun:** DATED A man who is affectedly concerned with his clothes and appearance; a dandy (**مردی که به شدت به پوشش و ظاهر خود اهمیت می‌دهد**).

Answer 40

**Noun:** An attractively arranged bunch of flowers, especially one presented as a gift or carried at a ceremony (**دسته گل، کلاله**). The characteristic scent of a wine or perfume (**عطر، رایحه**). "The aperitif has a faint bouquet of almonds".

Answer 41

**Noun:** An expert judge in matters of taste (**خبره، خوش‌سلیقه، سلیقه‌شناس، وارد**). "A connoisseur of music".

Answer 42

**Noun:** A white vitrified translucent ceramic; china (**پرسلین، چینی**). "A porcelain bowl".

Answer 43

**Noun:** A drinking glass with a foot and a stem (**جام، ساغر**). "A beautifully engraved crystal goblet".

Answer 44

**Noun:** The way in which two or more things have an effect on each other; **interaction** (**فعل و انفعال، برهم‌کنش، اثر متقابل**). "The **interplay between** inheritance and learning".

Answer 45

**Adjective:** Relating to or typical of chivalry (= the system of behaviour followed by knights in the medieval period) (**سلحشوری، رادمردی، شوالیه‌وار**). “Dressed in a full suit of armour, he is the very image of the chivalric hero”. A chivalric man is polite, honest, fair, and kind towards women (خصوصا با زنان **خوش برخورد**). “He was a really wonderful, chivalric man”.

Answer 46

**Noun:** (In folklore) a man-eating giant (**غلو آدم‌خوار، دیو، عفریت**). A cruel or terrifying person (**غول‌تشن، آدم بد جنس و ظالم**). "It is clear that I am no ogre".

Answer 47

**Adverb:** Action displaying heroic courage (**تهور، بی‌باکی، دلاوری**). "Tales of derring-do".

Answer 48

**Verb:** Support (a building or other structure) from below by laying a solid foundation below ground level or by substituting stronger for weaker materials (**با شمع و ستون مستحکم کردن، محکم کردن**). Support, justify, or form the basis for (**حمایت کردن، مبرا کردن، پشتیبانی کردن**). "The theme of honour underpinning the two books".

Answer 49

**Noun:** An aristocrat or nobleman (**اشراف‌زاده، نجیب‌زاده**). A member of a noble family or class in Ancient Rome (**اشراف رومی**). **Adjective:** Belonging to or characteristic of the aristocracy (**اعیانی، والامقام، عالی‌رتبه**). "A proud, patrician face".

Answer 50

**Noun:** A person's or animal's intestines or internal organs, especially when removed or exposed (**امعا و احشا، دل و روده**). "A priest would find omens in the steaming entrails of a sacrificed animal". The innermost parts of something (**درونی‌ترین قسمت هر چیز**). "Digging copper out of the entrails of the earth".

Answer 51

**Noun:** A savagely violent person or animal (**وحشی، خشن، بی‌رحم**). "He was a cold-blooded brute". An animal, especially a large one (**حیوان، حیوان کوه‌پیکر**). “Your dog's an ugly brute, isn't it?” Something awkward, difficult, or unpleasant (**چیزی ناخوشایند و بدقلق و ناگوار**). "A great brute of a machine". An animal as opposed to a human being (**حیوان در مقایسه با انسان**). "We, unlike dumb brutes, can reflect upon our impulses". **Adjective:** Characterized by an absence of reasoning or intelligence (**احمقانه، بی‌شعوری**). "A brute struggle for social superiority". merely physical (**صرفا یدی و بدنی**). "We achieve little by brute force*". Brute force: زور بازو. Fundamental, inescapable, and unpleasant (**اساسی، اجتناب‌ناپذیر و ناخوشایند**). "The brute necessities of basic subsistence".

Answer 52

**Verb:** Raise (something) by means of ropes and pulleys (**افراشتن، بلند کردن، با طناب و قرقره بالا کشیدن**). "A white flag was hoisted". **Noun:** an apparatus for lifting or raising something (**بالابر، دستگاهی برای بالا بردن**). "Mechanical lifts or hoists for firefighting purposes". An act of increasing something (**افزایش**). "An interest rate hoist".

Answer 53

**Adjective:** Done with or employing great care and thoroughness (**باوجدان، زحمت‌کش، وسواسی، کوشا، دقت و زحمت زیاد**). "Painstaking attention to detail".

Answer 54

**Noun:** Military weapons and equipment (**تسلیحات نظامی، جنگ‌افزار**). "National armaments could be kept to a minimum". The process of equipping military forces for war (**توزیع جنگ‌افزار، تسلیح**). "Instruments of disarmament rather than of armament". ARCHAIC A military force equipped for war (**ارتش مجهز به جنگ‌افزار**).

Answer 55

**Phrase:** The disposition of troops or ships ready for combat (**آرایش نظامی**). A tabular compilation of units, commanders, equipment, and their locations in a theater of operation (**جدول آرایش نظامی**).

Answer 56

**Noun:** A place or position affording a good view of something (**دیدگاه، نقطه‌نظر، لحاظ**). "From my vantage point I could see into the front garden".

Answer 57

**Noun:** Opinion profoundly at odds with what is generally accepted (**بدعت، ارتداد، کفر**). "The heresy of being uncommitted to the right political dogma".

Answer 58

**Noun:** The focus of public attention (**کانون توجه عمومی**). "The shock win has thrust him into the limelight". Intense white light obtained by heating lime, formerly used in theaters (**چراغ صحنه‌ی تئاتر**). **Phrases:** Steal the limelight — draw the focus of attention to oneself at the expense of others (**توجهات را از دیگران دزدیدن و به خود معطوف کردن**). "She's careful not to steal the limelight".

Answer 59

A phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought (**کلیشه**). "That old cliché ‘a woman's place is in the home’".

Answer 60

**Adjective:** Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing (**شیوا، سلیس، روان، رسا**). "An eloquent speech". Clearly expressing or indicating something (**گویا، بیانگر، نشان**). "The bus journey alone is eloquent of class inequality".

Answer 61

**Noun:** A thing of great power or size, in particular a film, book, or other product that is a great commercial success (**پرفروش، از نظر تجاری بسیار موفق و پرجاذبه**). "The latest Hollywood blockbuster".

Answer 62

**Noun:** A transparent flammable plastic made in sheets from camphor and nitrocellulose, formerly used for cinematographic film (**نوعی پلاستیک به نام سلولوئید**). The cinema as a genre (**سینما، فیلم**). "Having made the leap from theatre to celluloid, she can now make more money".

Answer 63

**نثر و نظم** Prose **Noun:** Written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure (**نثر**). "A short story in prose". Poetry **Noun:** Literary work in which the expression of feelings and ideas is given intensity by the use of distinctive style and rhythm; poems collectively or as a genre of literature (**نظم**). "He felt a desire to investigate through poetry the subjects of pain and death".

Answer 64

**Adjective:** Horrifyingly wicked (**سفاک، بی‌رحم، ظالم**). "Atrocious cruelties". Of a very poor quality; extremely bad or unpleasant (**افتضاح، بد، ناخوشایند، زننده**). "He attempted an atrocious imitation of my English accent".

Answer 65

**Noun:** A split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief (**نفاق، تفرقه، دو دستگی، انفصال، جدایی**). "The widening schism between Church leaders and politicians".

Answer 66

**Adjective:** (Of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent (**منسجم، هماهنگ**). "They failed to develop a coherent economic strategy". (Of a person) able to speak clearly and logically (**فصیح، شیوا**). "She was lucid and coherent and did not appear to be injured". Forming a unified whole (**به هم پیوسته، یک مجموعه‌ی منسجم**). "The arts could be systematized into one coherent body of knowledge". PHYSICS (Of waves) having a constant phase relationship (**امواج هم‌نوسان**).

Answer 67

**Noun:** A person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy (**مدافع، طرفدار**). "He was an untiring advocate of economic reform". A person who puts a case on someone else's behalf (**وکیل، وکیل مدافع**). "Care managers can become advocates for their clients". **Verb:** Publicly recommend or support (**دفاع کردن، طرفداری کردن، هواداری کردن**). "Voters supported candidates who advocated an Assembly".

Answer 68

**Adjective:** Relating to a spiritual realm (**متعالی، فراطبیعی، بَرین**). "The transcendental importance of each person's soul". Relating to or denoting Transcendentalism (**تعالی‌گرایانه، آرمان‌گرایانه**). (In Kantian philosophy) presupposed in and necessary to experience; a priori (**اشراقی، فلسفه‌ی وصول به حقایق از طریق کشف و شهود**). (Of a number, e.g. e or π) real but not a root of an algebraic equation with rational coefficients (**اعداد غیرجبری**).

Answer 69

**Noun:** The protection granted by a state to someone who has left their home country as a political refugee (**پناهندگی**). "She applied for asylum and was granted refugee status". Shelter or protection from danger (**پناهگاه، مخفیگاه**). "We provide asylum for those too ill to care for themselves". DATED An institution for the care of people who are mentally ill (**تیمارستان**). "He'd been committed to an asylum".

Answer 70

**Adjective:** Simple and straightforward; sensible (**جدی، رک و منطقی، بی‌شوخی**). "A no-nonsense approach".

Answer 71

**Idiom:** To continue to have your beliefs or continue with a plan of action, even if other people disagree with you (**به عقاید خود پایبند بودن، به تصمیمات خود عمل کردن**). “Despite harsh criticism, she's sticking to her guns on this issue”.

Answer 72

**Noun:** A small, sharp broad-headed nail (**پونز**). "Tacks held the remaining rags of carpet to the floor". A long stitch used to fasten fabrics together temporarily, prior to permanent sewing (**نوعی کوک موقت، کوک شلال**). A method of dealing with a situation or problem; a course of action or policy (**رویه، مشی**). "As she could not stop him going she tried another tack and insisted on going with him". The quality of being sticky (**چسبندگی، چسبناک**). "Cooking the sugar to caramel gives tack to the texture". equipment used in horse riding, including the saddle and bridle (**زین و برگ اسب**). **Verb:** Fasten or fix in place with tacks (**با میخ یا پونز ثابت و محکم کردن، پونز زدن**). "He used the tool to tack down sheets of fibreboard". Change course by turning a boat's head into and through the wind (**با حرکت زیگزاگی رو به باد قایق راندن**). "Their boat was now downwind and they had to tack".

Answer 73

Undergo great mental anguish through worrying about something (**دل‌شوره داشتن، در تب و تاب بودن، تقلا کردن**). "I didn't agonize over the problem".

Answer 74

**Noun:** A confusing and difficult problem or question (**معضل، مسئله‌ی بغرنج**). "One of the most difficult conundrums for the experts". A question asked for amusement, typically one with a pun in its answer; a riddle (**معما، چیستان**).

Answer 75

**Noun:** The direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the constitution (**همه‌پرسی، رفراندوم**). "The administration will hold a plebiscite for the approval of constitutional reforms".

Answer 76

**Noun:** A decision on an issue of fact in a civil or criminal case or an inquest (**حکم، قضاوت، حکم هیئت منصفه**). "The jury returned a verdict of not guilty". An opinion or judgement (**نظر، داوری**). "This seems a fair verdict on the tabloids".

Answer 77

**Adjective:** Different to what is normal or expected; strange (**عجیب و غریب، نامتعارف**). "He gave her some very peculiar looks". INFORMAL Slightly and indefinably unwell (**ناخوش احوال**). "I felt a little peculiar for a while". Particular; special (**منحصر به فرد، خاص**). "Any attempt to explicate the theme is bound to run into peculiar difficulties".

Answer 78

**Verb:** Destroy utterly; wipe out (**نابود کردن، سر به نیست کردن**). "The memory was so painful that he obliterated it from his mind". Make invisible or indistinct; conceal or cover (**پنهان کردن، پوشاندن، محو کردن**). "Clouds were darkening, obliterating the sun". Cancel (something, especially a postage stamp) to prevent further use (**فسخ کردن، منسوخ کردن، باطل کردن**). "The special stamp should be placed on the left-hand side and not be used to obliterate the postage stamp".

Answer 79

**Noun:** A medicine or other remedy that will supposedly cure any ailment (**نوش‌دارو**). "It was prized as a cure-all, for there seemed to be few common ailments which did not respond to treatment with comfrey". A solution to any problem (**علاج تمام مشکلات**). "Unfortunately, the new output circuitry is not a cure-all".

Answer 80

**Phrase of cut:** INFORMAL Have no influence or effect (**هیچ اثر یا نفوذی نداشتن**). "Your holier-than-thou attitude cuts no ice with me". “I've heard her excuses and they cut no ice with me”. (Possible translations: تره هم خورد نمی‌کنه گوشش بدهکار نیست نرود میخ آهنین در سنگ )

Answer 81

**Adjective:** Belonging to or characteristic of the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes (**بورژوایی، مربوط به طبقه‌ی متوسط، بورژوا منش، بورژوا وار**). "A rich, bored, bourgeois family". **Noun:** A bourgeois person (**بورژوا**). "A self-confessed and proud bourgeois"

Answer 82

**Noun:** A gate that can be opened or closed to admit or exclude water, especially the lower gate of a lock (**آب‌بند، دریچه‌ی سد**). A last restraint holding back an outpouring of something powerful or substantial (**آخرین مانع برای هموار شدن مسیر**). "His lawsuit could **open the floodgates for** thousands of similar claims".

Answer 83

**Noun:** Immoral or wicked behavior (**فساد، خباثت**). "An open sewer of vice and crime". Criminal activities involving prostitution, pornography, or drugs (**فعالیت‌های مجرمانه شامل فحشا یا پورنوگرافی یا مواد مخدر، فسق و فجور**). "A mobile phone network is being used to peddle vice". A weakness of character or behaviour; a bad habit (**عادت بد، عیب اخلاقی**). "Cigars happen to be my father's vice". As a substitute for (**جانشین، جایگزین**). "The letter was drafted by David Hunt, vice Bevin who was ill". A metal tool with movable jaws which are used to hold an object firmly in place while work is done on it, typically attached to a workbench (**گیره‌ی کار**). "Hold the rail in the vice". Combining form Prefix: vice- Next in rank to, and typically denoting capacity to deputize for (**معاون، نفر بعدی در سلسله مراتب**). "Vice-president".

Answer 84

**Noun:** The treatment and instruction received by a child from its parents throughout its childhood (**تربیت، پرورش، بارآوردن**). "She had had a Christian upbringing".

Answer 85

**Noun:** An individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim (**فعالیت تجاری مستقل یا مشارکتی**). "A research project". A piece of research work undertaken by a school or college student (**پروژه‌ی تحصیلی**). "A history project". A proposed or planned undertaking (**طرح، برنامه، پروژه اجرایی**). "The novel undermines its own stated project of telling a story". **Verb:** Estimate or forecast (something) on the basis of present trends or data (**بر اساس گرایش یا داده‌های فعلی چیزی را پیش‌بینی یا تخمین زدن**). "Spending was projected at £72,900 million". Plan (a scheme or undertaking) (**برنامه‌ریزی کردن، طرح‌ریزی کردن**). "In the later 1930s, many new road schemes were projected". Extend outwards beyond something else; protrude (**فراتر از چیزی گسترش یافتن، بیرون زدن**). "I noticed a slip of paper projecting from the book". Throw or cause to move forward or outward (**پرتاب کردن، جلو راندن**). "Seeds are projected from the tree". Cause (light, shadow, or an image) to fall on a surface (**تاباندن، نور یا سایه یا تصویر را بر سطحی افکندن**). "The one light projected shadows on the wall". Cause (a sound) to be heard at a distance (**صدا را پخش کردن**). "Being audible depends on your ability to project your voice". Imagine (oneself, a situation, etc.) as having moved to a different place or time (**در زمان یا مکانی دیگر تصور کردن**). "People may be projecting the present into the past". Present or promote (a particular view or image) (**متصور ساختن، مجسم کردن**). "He strives to project an image of youth". Display (an emotion or quality) in one's behavior (**ویژگی یا حسی را در رفتار بروز دادن**). "Everyone would be amazed that a young girl could project such depths of emotion". Attribute or transfer an emotion or desire to (another person), especially unconsciously (**فرافکنی کردن**). "men may sometimes project their own fears on to women". GEOMETRY Draw straight lines through (a given figure) to produce a corresponding figure on a surface or a line (**تجانس**). Make a projection of (the earth, sky, etc.) on a plane surface (**از زمین و آسمان و امثال آن نقشه‌برداری کردن**).

Answer 86

**Verb:** Make (suffering, deficiency, or a problem) less severe (**کاستن، تسکین دادن، فرونشاندن، کم کردن**). "He couldn't prevent her pain, only alleviate it". Opposite: Aggravate.

Answer 87

**Noun:** A passionate expression of grief or sorrow (**سوگواری**). "His mother's night-long laments for his father". A song, piece of music, or poem expressing grief or sorrow (**مرثیه، سوگ‌نامه**). "The piper played a lament". A complaint (**ناله، شکوِه، شکایت، گِله**). "There were constant laments about the conditions of employment". **Verb:** Express passionate grief about (**سوگواری کردن**). "He was lamenting the death of his infant daughter". Express regret or disappointment about something (**اظهار تاسف کردن**). "She lamented the lack of shops in the town".

Answer 88

**Verb:** To defeat someone or force them to do something, using your power or authority (**سرکوب کردن، تارومار کردن، با زور شکست دادن یا با زور مجبور به انجام کاری کردن**). “The team steamrolled their way to victory”.

Answer 89

**Verb:** Deprive (a man) of his male role or identity (**از هویت مردانه محروم شدن یا کردن، زیر سوال بردن مردانگی**). "In his mind, her success emasculated him". ARCHAIC Castrate (a man or male animal) (**اخته کردن، عقیم کردن**). Make (someone or something) weaker or less effective (**تضعیف کردن، ناکارا کردن**). "The refusal to allow them to testify effectively emasculated the committee".

Answer 90

**Noun:** An official employed to oversee state ceremonial, precedence, and the use of armorial bearings*, and (historically) to make proclamations, carry official messages, and oversee tournaments (**مسئول رسمی تشریفات دولتی یا شجره‌نامه یا نشان‌های خانوادگی، قاصد یا منادی، کارمند اداری ناظر مسابقات**). *Armorial bearings: نشان‌های خانوادگی. A person or thing viewed as a sign that something is about to happen (**قاصد، منادی، بشارت دهنده**). "They considered the first primroses as the herald of spring". **Verb:** Be a sign that (something) is about to happen (**بشارت دادن، ندا دادن، نشان از چیزی بودن**). "The speech heralded a change in policy". Acclaim (**تشویق کردن، تحسین کردن**). "The band **have been heralded as** the great hope for the nineties".

Answer 91

**Adjective:** So foolish, unreasonable, or out of place as to be amusing (**مضحک، مسخره**). "It's ludicrous that I have been fined".

Answer 92

**Noun:** The quality of being particularly good or worthy, especially so as to deserve praise or reward (**شایستگی، سزاواری، لیاقت، صلاحیت**). "Composers of outstanding merit". A good feature or point (**مزیت، برتری، ویژگی مثبت**). "The relative merits of both approaches have to be considered". A pass grade in an examination denoting above-average performance (**نمره‌ی قبولی بالاتر از متوسط**). "If you expect to pass, why not go for a merit or a distinction?" THEOLOGY Good deeds entitling someone to a future reward from God (در الهیات: **عمل صالح**). **Verb:** Deserve or be worthy of (reward, punishment, or attention) (**شایسته بودن، شایستگی داشتن، درخور بودن، استحقاق داشتن**). "The results have been encouraging enough to merit further investigation". **Phrases:** Judge something on its merits — assess something solely with regard to its intrinsic quality rather than other external factors (**چیزی را بی‌طرفانه بر اساس ویژگی‌های آن قضاوت کردن**). "A proposal should be judged on its merits when it comes forward for approval".

Answer 93

**Noun:** The point of a spear (**سنان، سرنیزه**). An individual or group chosen to lead an attack or movement (**، پیشرو، پیشگام، جلودار**). "She became the spearhead of a health education programme". **Verb:** Lead (an attack or movement) (**رهبری کردن، پیشگام شدن**). "He's spearheading a campaign to reduce the number of accidents at work".

Answer 94

**Adjective:** Extremely unpleasant (**پست، بد**). "He has a vile temper". Morally bad; wicked (**زشت، زننده، بدجنس**). "As vile a rogue as ever lived".

Answer 95

**Adjective:** Of little value or importance (**ناچیز، جزئی، پیش پا افتاده، ناقابل، کم‌اهمیت**). "Huge fines were imposed for trivial offences".

Answer 96

**Adjective:** Involving immoral or dishonourable actions and motives; arousing moral distaste and contempt (**پست، فرومایه**). "The story paints a sordid picture of bribes and scams". Dirty or squalid (**کثیف، چرک، رقت‌انگیز، نکبت‌بار**). "The overcrowded housing conditions were sordid and degrading".

Answer 97

**Phrase:** Mark the boundaries of an area of land (**مرز کشیدن**). "I went out to peg out our assembly area". INFORMAL•BRITISH Die (**مردن**). "She looked as if she might peg out any moment". Peg: چوب لباسی، گیره‌ی لباس، میخ و پیچ، تثبیت کردن، میخکوب کردن، با گیره آویزان کردن.

Answer 98

**Phrase:** Used to introduce or append an expression, drawing attention to its status as a saying or as not part of one's normal language (**به قول معروف**). "I am, as the saying goes, burnt out".

Answer 99

**Verb:** Feel or show great joy or delight (**خوشحالی کردن، مشعوف کردن، ذوق کردن**). "We spent the evening rejoicing at our victory". BRITISH Used ironically to draw attention to a strange characteristic, especially a name (**به تمسخر گرفتن، طعنه زدن**). "The guard rejoiced in the name of Blossom".

Answer 100

**Verb:** Prevent from growing or developing properly (**جلوی رشد یا پیشرفت را گرفتن**). "Some weeds produce chemicals that stunt the plant's growth". Perform stunts, especially aerobatics (**بدلکاری کردن، هنرنمایی کردن، شاهکار اجرا کردن**). "Agile terns are stunting over the water". **Noun:** An action displaying spectacular skill and daring (**هنرنمایی، بدل‌کاری**). "The stunt involved jumping out of a hot-air balloon while attached to a piece of elastic". Something unusual done to attract attention (**شیرین‌کاری**). "The story was spread as a publicity stunt to help sell books".

Answer 101

**Noun:** The manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles as represented by the Magi (Matthew 2:1–12) (**تجلی مسیح، عید تجلی**). "Many submerge themselves in ice water to celebrate Epiphany". A manifestation of a divine or supernatural being (**ظهور یا تجلی یک وجود مقدس**). "Many believe this scene to represent an epiphany of the goddess". A moment of sudden and great revelation* or realization (**الهام، مکاشفه**). "A few years ago, I had an epiphany". Revelation: وحی، الهام، مکاشفه، افشاگری، فاش‌سازی، اشراق.

Answer 102

**Phrase:** Come into contact with someone or something briefly in passing (**لمسی کوتاه در هنگام عبور از کنار کسی یا چیزی**). "Tobias brushed past and disappeared into the darkness".

Answer 103

**Verb:** Make a serious, urgent, or heartfelt request (**تقاضا داشتن، با التماس خواستن**). "Police are appealing for information about the incident". LAW Apply to a higher court for a reversal of the decision of a lower court (**استیناف دادن، فرجام دادن**). "He said he would appeal against the conviction". Be attractive or interesting (**جذاب بودن، گیرا بودن**). "The range of topics will appeal to youngsters". Try to persuade someone to do something by calling on (a particular principle or quality) (**متوسل شدن، پناه بردن**). "I appealed to his sense of justice". **Noun:** A serious, urgent, or heartfelt request (**درخواست، تقاضا**). "His mother made an appeal for the return of the ring". LAW An application to a higher court for a decision to be reversed (**استیناف، فرجام‌خواهی**). "He has 28 days in which to lodge an appeal". A request for donations to support a charity or cause (**درخواست کمک‌های مردمی**). "A public appeal to raise £120,000". The quality of being attractive or interesting (**گیرا، جذاب**). "The popular appeal of football".

Answer 104

**Verb:** Assemble (troops), especially for inspection or in preparation for battle (**نیروی نظامی را فراخوان کردن، سربازان را گرد هم آوردن**). "17,000 men had been mustered on Haldon Hill". Collect or assemble (a number or amount) (**جمع‌آوری کردن، گردآوری کردن**). "The city council was unable to muster enough votes to pass the measure". (Of a group of people) gather together (**گرد هم آوردن**). "Reporters mustered outside her house". **Noun:** A formal gathering of troops, especially for inspection, display, or exercise (**فراخوان نیروی نظامی، گردهمایی سربازان**). "He attended the musters, which were called to train all able-bodied men".

Answer 105

**Noun:** A thick stick with a heavy end, used as a weapon (**چماق، گرز**). "Maces and spiked bludgeons". **Verb:** Beat (someone) repeatedly with a bludgeon or other heavy object (**با چماق و امثال آن کتک زدن و زورگویی کردن**). "She was found **bludgeoned to death** in the basement". Make one's way by brute force (**زورگویی کردن**). "He bludgeoned his way through the crowd".

Answer 106

**Noun:** A totalitarian state controlled by a political police force that secretly supervises the citizens' activities (**حکومت رعب و وحشت، حکومت پلیسی**). "Bit by bit this government is building a police state, and it must be stopped".

Answer 107

**Verb:** Cause (someone) to become motionless with horror, wonder, or astonishment (**مبهوت و مجذوب کردن، میخکوب شدن**). "He was transfixed by the pain in her face". Pierce with a sharp implement or weapon (**با نیزه و سلاح سوراخ کردن، به سیخ کشیدن**). "A field mouse is transfixed by the curved talons of an owl".

Answer 108

**noun:** BIOLOGY An animal that is in heat is in a state of sexual excitement and ready to breed (**آماده‌ی جفتگیری**). “It is essential to know when the goat is in heat”.

Answer 109

**Verb:** Travel across or through (**گذشتن، عبور کردن، پیمودن**). "He traversed the forest". Move back and forth or sideways (**رفت و برگشتی حرکت کردن، زیگزاگ رفتن، اریب پیش‌روی کردن**). "A probe is traversed along the tunnel". Deny (an allegation) in pleading (**حاشا کردن، منکر شدن**). "the plaintiff must assert certain facts which, if traversed, he would be put to prove". **Noun:** An act of traversing something (**پیمایش رفت و برگشتی، حرکت زیگزاگ، پیش‌روی اریب**). "High-level walks in the Dolomites often involve steep, exposed climbs, traverses, and descents". A part of a structure that extends or is fixed across something (**بخش عرضی یک ساختار**) "There were three jewels in the traverse of the cross and four in the body".

Answer 110

**Adjective:** Having or showing an interest in learning things; curious (**کنجکاو، مشتاق یادگیری**). "his poems reveal an intensely inquisitive mind". Unduly curious about the affairs of others; prying (**فضول**). "I didn't like to seem inquisitive".

Answer 111

**Noun:** The most recent stage in the development of a product, incorporating the newest technology, ideas, and features (**بهترین، عالی‌ترین، مدرن‌ترین**). "The state of the art in 3D printing". **Adjective:** Belonging or relating to the most recent stage of technological development; having or using the latest techniques or equipment (**مدرن، پیشرفته، عالی، بی‌نظیر**). "Our scientists work in state-of-the-art facilities".

Answer 112

**Verb:** Assign an inferior rank or position to (**رتبه یا جایگاه را تنزل دادن**). "They aim to prevent women from being relegated to a secondary role".

Answer 113

**Adjective:** Oppressed or treated badly by people in power (**ستم دیده، زیر پا لگدمال شده، رنج دیده**). "A downtrodden proletarian struggling for social justice".

Answer 114

**Adjective:** Of or characteristic of the lower middle class, especially with reference to a perceived conventionalism and conservatism; belonging to the lower middle social class, or having the characteristics that are considered typical of this class, such as *thinking money and possessions are more important than other things, and not trusting new or different ideas* (**خرده بورژوایی، جوجه بورژوایی**، مربوط به طبقه‌ی اجتماعی پایین‌تر از متوسط با افکار مختص این طبقه مانند محافظه‌کاری یا ارجهیت پول و قدرت بر دیگر چیزها). "The frail facade of petit bourgeois respectability". **Noun:** A member of the lower middle class, especially when perceived as conventional and conservative (**خرده بورژوا، جوجه بورژوا، کاسب خرده‌پا**، فردی از طبقه‌ی اجتماعی متوسط رو به پایین). "He is a petit bourgeois feeling his power".

Answer 115

**Phrase:** To do what someone else wants you to do, usually unwillingly (**سر تعظیم فرود آوردن، در مقابل کسی یا چیزی کم آوردن و تسلیم شدن**). “Eventually they were forced to bow to public pressure and reform the tax” “We refuse to bow to their demands”. “She bowed to the inevitable (= accepted a situation in which she had no choice) and resigned”.

Answer 116

**Noun:** A group of people who sing together (**گروه کُر**). “He sings in the church choir”.

Answer 117

**Phrase:** A specific type of song associated with initiation rites. Initiation rite or ceremony is a process or event that a person takes part in to become an official member of a group; It could also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community or one of its formal components. (**آهنگ مراسم عضویت، موسیقی پاگشایی، موسیقی جشن بلوغ**). “These more coherent processes involve initiation rites, manifestos, leaders, and a chain of command that guide beliefs and actions”.

Answer 118

**Noun:** An embarrassing or tactless act or remark in a social situation (**گاف یا سوتی شرم‌آور، آبروریزی**). "‘I was suddenly sick in the back of their car’—it was years before he could confess his faux pas to them".

Answer 119

**Noun:** Great delight, especially from one's own good fortune or another's misfortune (**سرور، نشاط، خوشی**). "His face lit up with impish glee".

Answer 120

**Noun:** Great enjoyment (**لذت، اشتیاق، شور، میل**). "She swigged a mouthful of wine with relish". A piquant sauce or pickle eaten with plain food to add flavor (**طعم‌دهنده، چاشنی، اشتهاآور**). "Use salsa as a relish with grilled meat or fish". **Verb:** Enjoy greatly (**لذت بردن، شوق داشتن**). "He was relishing his moment of glory".

Answer 121

**Noun:** Violent or extreme disorder; chaos (**هرج و مرج، وحشیگری، خشونت و غارت**). "Complete mayhem broke out".

Answer 122

**Adjective:** Free from an obligation or liability imposed on others (**مصون، مستثنی، معاف**). "These patients are **exempt from** all charges". **Verb:** Free (a person or organization) from an obligation or liability imposed on others (**معاف کردن، استثنا قائل شدن**). "they were exempted from paying the tax". **Noun:** A person who is exempt from something, especially the payment of tax (**معاف**، مخصوصا معاف مالیاتی).

Answer 123

**Adjective:** Open to more than one interpretation; not having one obvious meaning (**گنگ، مبهم، چند پهلو**). "Ambiguous phrases".

Answer 124

**Noun:** A stupid person (**احمق، ابله، کودن، خرفت**). **Adjective:** Stupid; idiotic (**احمقانه، جاهلانه**). "Try not to make imbecile remarks".

Answer 125

**Adjective:** Lacking sophistication or good taste (**عوامانه، عامیانه**). "A vulgar check suit". Making explicit and offensive reference to sex or bodily functions; coarse and rude (**رکیک، بی‌ادب، بی‌نزاکت، مبتذل**). "A vulgar joke". Vulgarity: عوامانه، پستی، هرزگی، بی‌نزاکتی.

Answer 126

**Verb:** Delay or prevent (someone or something) by obstructing them; hinder (**ممانعت کردن، از چیزی جلوگیری کردن، به تاخیر انداختن**). "The sap causes swelling which can impede breathing".

Answer 127

**Verb:** Scribble absent-mindedly (**خط خطی کردن، بی‌هدف نوشتن یا کشیدن**). "He was only doodling in the margin". **Noun:** A rough drawing made absent-mindedly (**نقاشی سرسری، خط‌خطی**). "The text was interspersed with doodles".

Answer 128

**Adjective:** Not having any serious purpose or value (**پوچ، بیهوده، ناچیز، بی‌نتیجه**). "Frivolous ribbons and lacy frills". (Of a person) carefree and superficial (**سبک‌سر، شوخ، بی‌فکر**). "The frivolous, fun-loving flappers of the twenties".

Answer 129

**Phrasal verb:** Cause someone to be in opposition or conflict with someone or something (**علیه کسی بودن یا شدن، در مقابل کسی جبهه گرفتن**). "He hadn't meant any harm but his few words had set her against him". Offset something against something else (**در برابر چیزی بودن، در مقابل چیزی بودن، چیزی را با چیزی دیگر جبران کردن**). "Trading losses can be set against capital gains".

Answer 130

**Noun:** A thing of little value or importance (**کم بها، کم ارزش، ناقابل، ناچیز، پوچ**). "We needn't trouble the headmaster over such trifles". A small amount of something (**کم، اندک، پشیز، پاپاسی**). "The thousand yen he'd paid seemed the merest trifle". A cold dessert of sponge cake and fruit covered with layers of custard, jelly, and cream (**دسر ترایفل**). "Syllabubs, trifles, and other dishes". **Verb:** Treat without seriousness or respect (**به شوخی و سخره گرفتن، به ملعبه گرفتن، بی‌ارزش انگاشتن**). "He is not a man to be trifled with". **Phrase:** A trifle — a little; somewhat (**اندکی، نسبتا، تا اندازه‌ای**). "His methods are a trifle eccentric".

Answer 131

**Verb:** Take (a machine or structure) to pieces (**اوراق کردن، از هم پاشاندن**). "The engines were dismantled and the bits piled into a heap".

Answer 132

**Noun:** A chain or manacle used to restrain a prisoner, typically placed around the ankles (**قل و زنجیر، دستبند، بند**). "He lay bound with fetters of iron". A restraint or check on someone's freedom to act (**قید و بند، محدودکننده‌ی آزادی**). "The fetters of convention". **Verb:** Restrain with chains or manacles, typically around the ankles (**قل و زنجیر کردن، دستبند زدن، پابند زدن**). "There were no chains immediately available to fetter the prisoners". Confine or restrict (someone) (**مقید کردن، محدود کردن**). "He was not fettered by tradition".

Answer 133

**Noun:** A person who deliberately prevents the facts or full details of something from becoming known (**تاریک‌اندیش، ظلمت‌پرست، مبهم‌گرا**، کسی که عامدانه از افشای حقایق یا جزئیات آن جلوگیری می‌کند). "Political obscurantists". **Adjective:** Deliberately preventing the facts or full details of something from becoming known (**تاریک‌اندیشانه، ظلمت‌پرستانه**). "An obscurantist agenda".

Answer 134

**Adjective:** Denoting a period of time in the past that was idyllically happy and peaceful (**ایام خوش گذشته، روزگار خوش قدیم**). "The **halcyon days** of the mid 1980s, when profits were soaring". **Noun:** A mythical bird said by ancient writers to breed in a nest floating at sea at the winter solstice, charming the wind and waves into calm (**هلسیون**، در ادبیات شرقی نوعی پرنده‌ی افسانه‌ای مانند سیمرغ یا عنقا**). A tropical Asian and African kingfisher with brightly coloured plumage (**نوعی مرغ‌ماهی‌خوار استوایی**).

Answer 135

**Noun:** A condition with psychological and psychosomatic symptoms resulting from exposure to active warfare, first identified in soldiers undergoing bombardment in the trenches in the First World War. Shell shock would now be regarded as a form of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (**موج‌گرفتگی، موجی**، شرایط وحشت و اضطراب حاصله از صدای انفجار). "In July 1917 he was sent to Craiglockhart War Hospital, suffering from shell shock". A state or feeling of severe shock or surprise (**منقلب، آشفتگی، شوکه**). "Investors' shell shock seems to be wearing off".

Answer 136

**Noun:** a leaf of a fig tree, often used for concealing the genitals in paintings and sculpture (**برگ انجیر که برای پوشاندن شرمگاه در نقاشی و مجسمه استفاده می‌شود**). A thing intended to conceal a difficulty or embarrassment (**سرپوش، پوشش**). "The amendment was just a fig leaf intended to cover the cracks in the party".

Answer 137

**Verb:** Boast about or praise (something), especially excessively (**لاف زدن، چسی آمدن، تمجید کردن**). "He was initially vaunted by the West for his leadership of the country". **Noun:** A boast (**لاف، تمجید**).

Answer 138

**Noun:** Teaching or instruction, especially of individual pupils or small groups (**تدریس** عموما به صورت خصوصی یا به گروهی کوچک). "Private tuition in French". NORTH AMERICAN A sum of money charged for teaching by a college or university (**شهریه**). "I'm not paying next year's tuition".

Answer 139

**Noun:** A witty* remark (**طعنه، لطیفه، شوخی، کنایه**). "Peter ate heartily with a quip about being a condemned man". *witty: شوخ، لطیفه‌دار، ظریف. **Verb:** Make a witty remark (**طعنه زدن، شوخی کردن، کنایه زدن**). "‘Flattery will get you nowhere,’ she quipped".

Answer 140

**Verb:** Walk or move unsteadily, as if about to fall (**تلوتلو خوردن**). "He staggered to his feet, swaying a little". Continue in existence or operation uncertainly or precariously (**سرگردان بودن**). "The treasury staggered from one crisis to the next". Astonish or deeply shock (**سراسیمه شدن، هاج و واج شدن**). "I was staggered to find it was six o'clock". Arrange (events, payments, hours, etc.) so that they do not occur at the same time (**به طور متناوب تنظیم کردن**). "Meetings are staggered throughout the day". Arrange (objects or parts) in a zigzag formation or so that they are not in line (**به صورت زیگزاگ چیدن**). "Stagger the screws at each joint". **Noun:** An unsteady walk or movement (**تلوتلو، سکندری**). "She walked with a stagger". An arrangement of things in a zigzag formation or so that they are not in line (**چیدمان زیگزاگی**).

Answer 141

**Noun:** The worst part or chief impact of a specified action (**ضربه‌ی اصلی، لطمه‌ی اساسی، صدمه‌ی کاری، بدترین بخش یا ضربه اصلی یک عمل**). "Education will bear the brunt of the cuts".

Answer 142

**Noun:** A person who derives advantage from something, especially a trust, will, or life insurance policy (**ذینفع**). “Her wife was the chief beneficiary of her will”.

Answer 143

**Noun:** An outcast (**مطرود، پست‌ترین طبقه جامعه**). "They were treated as social pariahs". Pariah state: دولت مطرود و یاغی.

Answer 144

**Noun:** An artificial body placed in orbit round the earth or moon or another planet in order to collect information or for communication (**ماهواره**). "A communications satellite". ASTRONOMY A celestial body orbiting the earth or another planet; **moon** (**قمر، ماه**). Something that is separated from or on the periphery of something else but is nevertheless dependent on or controlled by it (**اقماری، تابعه، دست‌نشانده، وابسته**). "Satellite offices in London and New York". A small country or state politically or economically dependent on another (**کشور تابعه**). "The Soviet Union and its satellite states". A community or town dependent on a nearby larger town (**شهر تابعه**). "With good motorway and rail links, satellite towns like Thornbury have grown rapidly".

Answer 145

**Noun:** A state of dissatisfaction, disturbance, and agitation, typically involving public demonstrations or disorder (**ناآرامی، بلوا، آشوب**). "Years of industrial unrest". A feeling of disturbance and dissatisfaction in a person (**پریشانی، اضطراب**). "The frenzy and unrest of her own life".

Answer 146

**Phrase:** To turn the pages of a book, magazine, or a document quickly and only read small parts of it (**ورق زدن، با شست ورق زدن**). “"Have you read the report?" "Well, I thumbed through it quickly while I was eating breakfast."”

Answer 147

**Noun:** A comb or tuft of feathers, fur, or skin on the head of a bird or other animal (**کاکل، تاج**). "A large game bird with a conspicuous erect red crest". The top of a mountain or hill (**قله، ستیغ**). "She reached the crest of the hill". The curling foamy top of a wave (**نوک موج، تاج موج**). "A high wave formed by the meeting of two crests". **Verb:** Reach the top of (a hill or wave) (**به قله صعود کردن، به بالای کوه یا موج رسیدن، فتح کردن**). "She crested a hill and saw the valley spread out before her". (Of a wave) form a curling foamy top (**خم شدن نوک موج**). "The swell begins to curl and crest". Have attached at the top (**در نوک یا بالای چیزی وصل کردن، تاج‌دار کردن، کاکل زدن**). "His helmet was crested with a fan of spikes". **Phrases:** On the crest of a wave — at a very successful point (**در اوج موفقیت**). "His career is on the crest of a wave at present".

Answer 148

**Noun:** A formal agreement between individuals or parties (**پیمان، معاهده، عهدنامه**). "The country negotiated a trade pact with the US".

Answer 149

**Noun:** The state or condition of being equal, especially as regards status or pay (**مساوی، برابر، یکسان**). "Parity of incomes between rural workers and those in industrial occupations". Equivalent value of one currency in terms of another at an established exchange rate (**برابری نرخ ارز، هم‌ارزی**). "The euro's parity with the dollar". MATHEMATICS (Of a number) the fact of being even or odd (**فرد یا زوج بودن اعداد**). "3 and 7 have the same parity". The fact or condition of having borne children (**زادآوری**). "the relationship between breast cancer and parity was investigated". The number of children previously borne (**زادآوردگی**). "Very high parity (six children or more)".

Answer 150

**Noun:** A small piece or amount of something, especially one that is left over after the greater part has been used (**تکه، خرده، ریزه**). "I scribbled her address on a scrap of paper". Discarded metal for reprocessing (**آهن قراضه، اسقاط، اوراق**). "The steamer was eventually sold for scrap". A fight or quarrel, especially a minor or spontaneous one (**نزاع، دعوای مختصر**). "They were involved in a goalmouth scrap and a player was sent off". Bits of uneaten food left after a meal (**پس مانده‌ی غذا**). "He filled Sammy's bowls with fresh water and scraps". Used to emphasize the lack or smallness of something (**برای بیان عدم وجود یا حداقل چیزی استفاده می‌شود**). "There was **not a scrap of** aggression in him" (ذره‌ای پرخاشگری در او نبود). **Verb:** Discard or remove from service (a redundant, old, or inoperative vehicle, vessel, or machine), especially so as to convert it to scrap metal (**اسقاط کردن، اوراق کردن**). "A bold decision was taken to scrap existing plant". Abolish or cancel (a plan, policy, or law) (**کنار گذاشتن، دور انداختن، به هم زدن**). "He supports the idea that road tax should be scrapped". Engage in a minor fight or quarrel (**نزاع کردن، مشاجره کردن، در یک دعوای مختصر درگیر شدن**). "The older boys started scrapping with me". Compete fiercely (**به شدت رقابت کردن**). "The two drivers scrapped for the lead".

Answer 151

**Noun:** A secure grip with one's feet (**جا پا، تعادل**). "He suddenly lost his footing". The basis on which something is established or operates (**پایه، شالوده، پی**). "attempts to establish the shop on a firm financial footing". The position or status of a person in relation to others (**موقعیت یا وضعیت کسی در رابطه با دیگران**). "the suppliers are on an equal footing with the buyers". The foundations of a wall, usually with a course of brickwork wider than the base of the wall (**پی دیوار**). **Phrase:** Be on a war footing — to be ready or preparing to fight a war (**در آماده‌باش جنگی بودن**). “The country was on a war footing last night after the most devastating terrorist attack in history”.

Answer 152

**Noun:** A projecting part of a fortification built at an angle to the line of a wall, so as to allow defensive fire in several directions (**بیرون‌زدگی استحکامات قلعه برای افزایش زوایای شلیک به سمت میدان جنگ، پیشرفتگی دیوار دژ**). An institution, place, or person strongly maintaining particular principles, attitudes, or activities (**سنگر، پناه، مدافع، حامی**). "Cricket's **last bastion of** discrimination".

Answer 153

**Preposition:** In spite of (**علی‌رغم، با وجود**). "Notwithstanding the evidence, the consensus is that the jury will not reach a verdict". **Adverb:** Nevertheless; in spite of this (**با این وجود، با این اوصاف، با این حال**). "I didn't like it. Notwithstanding, I remained calm". **Conjunction:** Although; in spite of the fact that (**اگرچه، هرچند، با اینکه، با وجود**). "Notwithstanding that the hall was packed with bullies, our champion played on steadily and patiently".

Answer 154

**Noun:** A camp in the Gulag system*, or any political labour camp (**گولاگ، اردوگاه کار اجباری**). *gulag system: سیستم اردوگاه‌های کار اجباری شوروی سابق.

Answer 155

**Noun:** an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory (**حمله‌ی برق‌آسا، کارزار همه‌جانبه**). "His reputation soared in the aftermath of the blitzkrieg that ejected the dictator's forces". A short period characterized by an intense effort to do something or a large quantity of something arriving (**یک دوره‌ی کوتاه که با تلاش شدید برای انجام کاری یا رسیدن مقدار زیادی از چیزی مشخص می شود**). "I experienced a blitzkrieg of phone calls, text messages, and emails from friends and colleagues".

Answer 156

**Adjective:** Used for emphasis, often to qualify a metaphor (**واقعی، حسابی، درست و حسابی**). "The early 1970s witnessed a veritable price explosion".

Answer 157

**Conjunction:** though (**گرچه، هرچند**). "He was making progress, albeit rather slowly".

Answer 158

**Phrase:** INFORMAL In a poor condition; worn or shabby (**در وضع و اوضاع افتضاح**). "The plane had been kept outside the motel for 30 years and was beginning to look the worse for wear". Feeling rather unwell, especially as a result of drinking too much alcohol (**خماری خصوصا پس از مصرف الکل**). "We had a bad trip, and he emerged from his cabin looking the worse for wear".

Answer 159

**Noun:** The force or energy with which a body moves (**نیروی جنبشی، گشتاور***). "Hit the booster coil before the flywheel loses all its impetus". Something that makes a process or activity happen or happen more quickly (**انگیزه، عزم**). "The ending of the Cold War gave new impetus to idealism".

Answer 160

**Noun:** A street or passage that is closed at one end (**بن‌بست**). A route or course leading nowhere (**بی‌راهه، راه به ترکستان**). "Was the new post a career cul-de-sac?".

Answer 161

**Adjective:** Excessively proud of oneself; vain (**مغرور، متکبر، غره، از خود راضی**). "Fred's so conceited he'd never believe anyone would refuse him".

Answer 162

**Phrase:** The only available, desirable, or valuable thing (**یکه‌تاز میدان، تنها انتخاب ممکن**). “For serious home cooks, this stove is the only game in town”. “Our company is no longer the only show in town; We now have serious competition”.

Answer 163

**Phrase:** Reprimand or criticize someone severely for a fault or mistake (**سرزنش کردن**). "He took some military experts to task for their optimistic predictions".

Answer 164

**Noun:** A thin decorative covering of fine wood applied to a coarser wood or other material (**روکش، رویه**). "A fine-grained veneer". **Verb:** Cover (something) with a decorative layer of fine wood (**روکش کردن، رویه زدن**). "Factories employed cabinetmakers to veneer looking glasses".

Answer 165

**Noun:** A formal declaration by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge in a court of law that someone is guilty of a criminal offence (**محکومیت، محکوم**). "She had a previous conviction for a similar offence". A firmly held belief or opinion (**اعتقاد راسخ، عقیده استوار**). "She takes pride in stating her political convictions". The quality of showing that one is firmly convinced of what one believes or says (**اعتقاد، یقین، قاطعیت**). "She had been speaking for some five minutes with force and conviction".

Answer 166

**Verb:** Move away aimlessly from a group or from the right course or place (**ول گشتن، ولگردی کردن، پرسه زدن، جدا شدن، از هم دور شدن**). "Dog owners are urged not to allow their dogs to stray". (Of the eyes or a hand) move idly or casually (**حرکت چشم یا دست به صورت بیخود و اتفاقی**). "Her eyes strayed to the telephone". Be unfaithful to a spouse or partner (**بی‌وفا بودن، به همسر بی‌تعهد بودن**). "Men who stray are seen as more exciting and desirable". LITERARY Wander or roam (**پرسه زدن، سرگردان بودن، آواره بودن**). "Over these mounds the shepherd strays". **Adjective:** Not in the right place; separated from the group or target (**سرگردان**). "He pushed a few stray hairs from her face". (Of a domestic animal) having no home or having wandered away from home (**ولگرد**). "Stray dogs". **Noun:** A stray person or thing, especially a domestic animal (**ولگرد، سرگردان**).

Answer 167

**Noun:** The extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant (**دامنه، حوزه، وسعت، محدوده، میدان، گستره**). "We widened the scope of our investigation". The opportunity or possibility to do or deal with something (**فرصت، موقعیت انجام کاری**). "The **scope for** major change is always limited by political realities". **Verb:** Assess or investigate something (**بررسی کردن، ارزیابی کردن**). "They'd scoped out their market". INFORMAL•NORTH AMERICAN Look at carefully; scan (**وارسی کردن، با دقت نگاه و بررسی کردن**). "They watched him scoping the room, looking for Michael". **Suffix:** -scope Denoting an instrument for observing, viewing, or examining (**پسوند برای دیدن و بررسی کردن**). "Microscope".

Answer 168

**Verb:** Set the boundaries or limits of (**محدود کردن، معین کردن، مرزنمایی کردن**). "Plots of land demarcated by barbed wire". Separate or distinguish from (**متمایز کردن، سوا کردن**). "Art was being demarcated from the more objective science".

Answer 169

**Verb:** (of a fish, frog, mollusc, crustacean, etc.) release or deposit eggs (**تخم‌ریزی کردن، تخم گذاشتن**). "The fish spawn among fine-leaved plants". **Noun:** The eggs of fish, frogs, etc (**تخم، اشپل**). "The fish covers its spawn with gravel".

Answer 170

**Noun:** A collection of short literary or philosophical extracts (**گلچین ادبی، گزیده‌های ادبی، مجموعه جملات قصار**).

Answer 171

**Phrase:** Extremely little/few (used for emphasis) (**تقریبا هیچی**). "Police still know precious little about the dead man". "You'll find precious few attractions open outside the tourist season".

Answer 172

**Noun:** A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god (**دین‌سالاری، حکومت دینی**). "His ambition is to lead a worldwide theocracy".

Answer 173

**Adjective:** Incapable of making mistakes or being wrong (**لغزش‌ناپذیر، بری از خطا، معصوم**). "Doctors are not infallible". Never failing; always effective (**قابل اطمینان، همیشه کارآمد و موثر**). "Infallible cures".

Answer 174

**Noun:** A strong covering holding the pages of a book together. The type of cover that a book has (**شیرازه، صحافی، جلد**). “She took a book from the shelf, admiring the gold edges to the pages and the green leather binding”. **Adjective:** (Of an agreement or promise) involving an obligation that cannot be broken (**الزام‌آور**). "Business agreements are intended to be legally binding".

Answer 175

**Noun:** A number of people or things of a similar kind following one after the other (**سری، توالی، سلسله، پشت سر هم**). "She had been secretary to a succession of board directors". The action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc (**وراثت، جانشینی**). "The new king was already elderly at the time of his succession".

Answer 176

**Phrase:** At the very same time as (**هم‌زمان، در آن واحد**). "Even as he spoke their baggage was being unloaded".

Answer 177

**Noun:** The border or outer edges of an area or group (**حاشیه، کناره، دور، حومه**). "The southern fringes of the city". A decorative border of hanging threads left loose or formed into tassels or twists, used to edge clothing or material (**ریشه‌ی لباس، شرابه**). "The beaded fringe of her dress". BRITISH The front part of a person's hair cut so as to hang over the forehead (**موی چتری**). "She smiled as she pushed her fringe back out of her eyes". **Adjective:** Not part of the mainstream; unconventional, peripheral, or extreme (**حاشیه‌ای، فرعی، جانبی، غیراصلی**). "Fringe theatre". **Verb:** Decorate (clothing or material) with a fringe (**ریشه زدن، شرابه زدن**). "A rich robe of gold, fringed with black velvet". Form a border along or around (something) (**حاشیه زدن، احاطه کردن**). "The sea is fringed by palm trees".

Answer 178

**Verb:** Make (something) necessary as a result or consequence (**ناگزیر ساختن، مستلزم بودن**). "A cut which necessitated eighteen stitches". Make it necessary for (someone) to do something (**ایجاب کردن، باعث شدن**). "The late arrival had necessitated her getting out of bed".

Answer 179

**Phrase:** The investigation of embedded values, beliefs, biases, and assumptions within a specific text, domain of discourse, or social practices within a particular cultural context (**گفتمان عقاید**). “The ideological discourse surrounding climate change often pits environmentalists against skeptics”.

Answer 180

**Verb:** Become aware or conscious of (something); come to realize or understand (**درک کردن**). "His mouth fell open as he perceived the truth". Become aware of (something) by the use of one of the senses, especially that of sight (**با یکی از حس‌ها خصوصا دیدن آگاه شدن**). "He perceived the faintest of flushes creeping up her neck". Interpret or regard (someone or something) in a particular way (**کسی یا چیزی را با ویژگی خاصی تفسیر کردن**). "If Guy does not **perceive** himself **as** disabled, nobody else should".

Answer 181

**Adjective:** Having great power, influence, or effect (**قوی، نیرومند، قدرتمند، موثر، مردافکن، تهمتن**). "Thrones were potent symbols of authority". (Of a male) able to achieve an erection or to reach an orgasm (**مردی از نظر جنسی توانمند**).

Answer 182

**Phrase:** Come to accept (a new and painful or difficult event or situation); reconcile oneself to (**با چیزی یا شرایطی کنار آمدن**). "She had come to terms with the tragedies in her life".

Answer 183

**Noun:** A talk on a religious or moral subject, especially one given during a church service and based on a passage from the Bible (**خطابه، موعظه**). "I preached my first sermon on original sin". INFORMAL A long or tedious piece of admonition or reproof; a lecture (**پند و اندرز گویی طولانی و خسته‌کننده**). "He understood that if he said any more he would have to listen to another lengthy sermon".

Answer 184

**Idiom:** To cause something to be the opposite of what it was before (**کاملا برعکس شدن، ۱۸۰ درجه تغییر کردن**). “These new findings turn the accepted theories on their head”.

Answer 185

**Noun:** A building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows (**صومعه، خانقاه، دِیر**). “Consequently, some of the abandoned monasteries were repopulated during their rule”.

Answer 186

**Noun:** The soldiers at the rear of a body of troops, especially those protecting a retreating army (**قوای عقب‌دار، عقبه**). "The firing from our rearguard had stopped". (In team sports) a defending player or players (**خط دفاع در ورزش‌های تیمی**). "He ran hard at the Scottish rearguard". **Phrase:** Rearguard holding operation: Military actions carried out by a force to protect its rear during an advance or withdrawal. These operations aim to prevent the enemy from attacking or interfering with the movement of the main body (**عملیات محافظت از عقبه‌ی لشگر در زمان حمله یا عقب‌نشینی**). Actions taken to protect existing systems, ideas, or traditional practices rather than embracing new innovations or groundbreaking concepts (**تلاش برای بقای شیوه‌ها، عقاید، ایده‌ها یا رسوم موجود به جای استقبال از نوآوری و مفاهیم پیشگامانه**). Rearguard action: A final attempt to prevent something from happening (**آخرین تقلا برای جلوگیری از وقوع چیزی**). “The unions were determined to fight a rearguard action against the government's plans to strip them of their powers”. An effort to do something effective or get an advantage after the main effort has failed (**جبران مافات، تلاش برای بدست آوردن برتری پس از شکست در تلاش نخست**). “Supporters trying to keep the museum open are fighting a rear-guard action”.

Answer 187

**Adjective:** (Of a device or attack) designed to cause fires (**آتش‌زا**). "Incendiary bombs". Tending to stir up conflict (**فتنه‌انگیز، آشوب‌انگیز**). "Incendiary rhetoric". Very exciting (**آتشین، مهیج**). "An incendiary live performer". **Noun:** An incendiary bomb or device (**وسیله‌ی آتش‌زا**). "The Holy City was blasted by incendiaries". A person who starts fires (**آتش‌افروز**). "He was an English incendiary, responsible for the burning of three French battleships". A person who stirs up conflict (**آشوب‌گر، آتش بیار معرکه، کسی که به درگیری دامن می‌زند**). "Every bard was regarded as an incendiary".

Answer 188

**Verb:** (Mull over/ Mull something over) Think about (a fact, proposal, or request) deeply and at length (**تعمق کردن، ژرف اندیشیدن**). "She began to **mull over** the various possibilities". Warm (an alcoholic drink, especially wine) and add sugar and spices to it (**نوشیدنی الکلی به ویژه شراب را گرم و به آن شکر و ادویه اضافه کردن**). "A saucepan on the stove works just fine since we don't mull the cider for very long". **Noun:** Humus formed under non-acid conditions (**گیاه‌خاک** تولید شده در محیط غیراسیدی). A promontory (**دماغه، سنگ‌پوز**). "The Mull of Kintyre". Thin, soft, plain muslin, used in bookbinding for joining the spine of a book to its cover (**پارچه‌ی موصلی که در شیرازه‌ی کتاب استفاده می‌شود، ململ**).

Answer 189

**Phrase:** To urge or encourage (someone) to do something that is usually foolish or dangerous (**تحریک کردن، برانگیختن، شوراندن، اغوا کردن**). “He continued to take off his clothes while the crowd egged him on”. “Don't egg him on! He gets himself into enough trouble without your encouragement”.

The Humanist Revolution Flashcards

(213 cards)