The Brain

Question 1

Regions of the brain

Answer 1

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 2

Parts of forebrain

Answer 2

cerebrum, diencephalon

Question 3

Parts of hindbrain

Answer 3

pons, medulla, cerebellum

Question 4

Cerebrum

Answer 4

• Cerebral cortex: motor and sensory integration, reasoning, planning, emotion, memory, self-awareness
• Basal nuceli: voluntary motor movements
• Limbic system: homeostasis, memory, emotion
• Olfactory bulb

Question 5

Cerebral Cortex-right and left hemisphere

Answer 5

• Connected by commissural fibers
  
  • white matter (axons)
  • corpus callosum
  • anterior and posterior commissures

Question 6

Cerebral cortex-gyrus

Answer 6

ridge of grey matter

Question 7

Cerebral cortex-suclus

Answer 7

grooves between gyri

Question 8

Cerebral cortex-fissure

Answer 8

major grooves that separate lobes

Question 9

Cerebral cortex-lobes

Answer 9

major regions of the cortex, loosely grouped by function

Question 10

Cerebral lobes-frontal lobe

Answer 10

• reasoning, planning, motor initiation, production of speech, emotions, problem solving, self-awareness
  
  • pre-central gyrus- primary motor region

Question 11

Cerebral lobes-parietal lobe

Answer 11

• sensory perception and integration, orientation, recognition
  
  • post-central gyrus-primary sensory region

Question 12

Cerebral lobes-temporal lobe

Answer 12

perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, speech

Question 13

Cerebral lobes-occipital lobe

Answer 13

visual processing

Question 14

Cerebral lobes-insular lobe

Answer 14

homeostasis, emotion, perception, self-awareness

Question 15

Forebrain-Diencephalon

Answer 15

• thalamus: relay area for sensory neurons
• hypothalamus: controls autonomic nervous system
• mammilary bodies: episodic memory
• pituitary gland: endocrine gland that regulates growth, reproduction, and homeostasis
• pineal gland: produces melatonin (circadian rhythm)

Question 16

Brainstem

Answer 16

• Cranial nerve nuclei III-XII
• Reticular formation-coordinates CN, cerebrum, and spinal cord
• Autonomic centers for cardiovascular and respiratory function
• Long tracts connect brain with spinal cord

Question 17

Midbrain

Answer 17

• Tegmentum
  
  • controls arousal and self-consciousness
• Tectum or corpora quadrigemina
  
  • superior colliculi: optic tectum, coordinates eye reflexes and movements
  • inferior colliculi: auditory tectum, coordinates auditory reflexes

Question 18

Hindbrain

Answer 18

• Pons
  
  • CN V-VIII
• Medulla oblongata
  
  • turns into spinal cord at foramen magnum
  • CN IX-XII
  • Pyramids: contain motor fibers that decussate (cross) to the opposite side
    
    • left side of cortex controls right side of body
• Cerebellum
  
  • modulates voluntary movement
  • facilitates rapid repetetive movements
  • coordinates posture, balance, and hearing
  • motor learning and speech

Question 19

Anatomy of cerebellum

Answer 19

2 hemispheres connected by a midline vermis

Question 20

Cranial nerves in cerebrum and diencephalon

Answer 20

CN I-II

Question 21

Cranial nerves in midbrain

Answer 21

CN III-IV

Question 22

Cranial nerves in pons

Answer 22

CN V, VI, VII, VIII

Question 23

Cranial nerves in medulla

Answer 23

CN IX, X, XI_C, XII

Question 24

Cranial nerves in spinal cord

Answer 24

CN XI_S

Question 25

What are ventricles?

Answer 25

spaces within the brain where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced

Question 26

Choroid plexus

Answer 26

modified capillary beds that form CSF (plasma ultra-filtrate from blood)

Question 27

CSF

Answer 27

* acts as a cushion for the CSF, regulates blood flow to brain * CSF is returned to venous system (dural sinuses) by the arachnoid granulations

Question 28

Ventricles

Answer 28

* Cerebrum: lateral ventricles (1 and 2) * Diencephalon: 3rd ventricle * Midbrain: cerebral aqueduct * Pons/medulla: 4th ventricle

Question 29

Ventricle flow chart

Answer 29

Question 30

Intracranial arterial circulation supplied by

Answer 30

internal carotid aa., vertebral aa.

Question 31

Cerebral arterial circle

Answer 31

* AKA "circle of Willis" * arterial anastomosis * surrounds optic chiasm, infundibulum (pituitary stalk)

Question 32

Arteries that make up intracranial arterial circulation

Answer 32

* opthalmic artery * anterior cerebral arteries * medial frontal and parietal lobes * middle cerebral arteries * anterior temporal lobe, insular lobes * most common site of ischemic stroke * posterior cerebral arteries * posterior temporal and occipital lobes * superior cerebellar artery * pontine arteries * anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) * basillar artery * formed by merging of two vertebral arteries * vertebral arteries * posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) * anterior spinal artery

Question 33

Cerebrovascular accidents (strokes) are most common in which: Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) Middle cerebral artery (MCA) Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

Answer 33

MCA