Intro to Cardiovascular System

Question 1

3 Basic Layers of Blood Vessels

Answer 1

Tunica Intima (Endothelium): Inner

Tunica Media (Smooth Muscle): Middle

Tunica Adventitia (Connected Tissue): Outer

Question 2

Arteries

Answer 2

• High pressure, thick walls
• Conducting arterties are large with elastic walls, close to heart
• Distributing arteries aresmaller with thick tunica media, control distrubution of blood
• Arterioles have narrow lumina with thick tunica media, control systemic blood pressure and capilary filling

Question 3

Veins

Answer 3

• Low pressure, thin walls: have valves to prevent back flow of blood
• Opthalmic and facial veins do have valves

Question 4

Capillary Systems

Answer 4

• Interchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, ect. with extracelluar fluid
• Thin (single layered) endothelium
  
  • Allows fluids etc. to cross into blood and into tissues

Question 5

Superior Mediastinum Contains:

Answer 5

Contains the trachea, great vessels, thymus, espopagus, vagus and phrenic nerves, thoracic duct

Great (Superior) T³ VEP

Question 6

Anterior Mediastinum Contains:

Answer 6

Contains fat and connective tissue

(Front)

Question 7

Middle Mediastinum Contains:

Answer 7

Contains the pericardial sac and heart, phrenic nerves and roots of the great vessels

Please stop halfway past road

Question 8

Posterior Mediastinum Contains:

Answer 8

Contains the decending aorta, primary bronchi, esophagus with vagus nerves, azygous venous system, thoracic duct, posterior mediastinal lymph nodes

Don’t ask Principal Brian, everyone with vagus nerves and venous systems take down Principal Mary’s lymph nodes

Question 9

Fibrous Pericardium

Answer 9

• Contiuous with tunica adventitia of great vessels
• Phrenic nerves are inbedded in fibrous pericardium
  
  • Provide GVA innervation as pericardiacophrenic nerves

Question 10

Serous Pericardium

Answer 10

• parietal and visceral layers
• pericardial cavity filled with serous fluid

Question 11

Pericardial Sac

Answer 11

Consists of fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium

Question 12

What forms the epicardium?

Answer 12

Visceral layer of pericardium

Is inseparable from the heart tissue

Question 13

Cardiac tissue: Epicardium

Answer 13

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Question 14

Cardiac tissue: Myocardium

Answer 14

Striated cardiac muscle

Regualted intrinsically by the conducting/pace maker system

Question 15

Cardiac tissue: Endocardium

Answer 15

Endothelial lining, covers valves

Question 16

What are the 3 types of cardiac tissues?

Answer 16

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 17

Cardiac Anatomy: Right and left sides’ input/output

Answer 17

• Right side
  
  • input: venae cavae to right atrium
  • output:right ventricle to pumlonary trunk (artery)
• Left side
  
  • input: pulmonary veins to left atrium
  • output: left ventricle to ascending aorta

Question 18

How do deoxygenated RBC’s move from superficial face to lungs?

After oxygenation, how does it return to the face?

Answer 18

Facial v. –> internal jugular v –> brachiocephalic v –> superior vena cavae –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary a. –> lungs

Lungs –> Pulmonary v. –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aotra –> common carotid a –> external carotid a –> facial a

Question 19

Right Atrium

Answer 19

Fossa Ovalis

Sinus Venarum

muscular portion with pectinate muscles (right atrium more muscular than left)

Right Auricle = Muscular pouch

Question 20

Sinus venarum

Answer 20

Smooth portion of right atrium, entrance of venae cavae

Question 21

Right auricle

Answer 21

Muscular pouch

Question 22

Right Ventricle

Answer 22

Trabeculae carnae

3 groups of papillary muscles with chordae tendinae connect to tricuspid (right AV) valve

outflow through pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 23

Trabeculae Carnae

Answer 23

Ridges of myocardium that project into ventricles

Question 24

Left Atrium

Answer 24

• smooth portion is continuous with endothelium of pulmonary veins
• muscular left auricle with pectinate muscles
• semilunar depression: other side of fossa ovalis

Question 25

Left Ventricle

Answer 25

Myocardium is thicker in left ventricle than right ventricle trabeculae carnae = ridges of myocardium 2 sets of papillary muscles with chordae tendinae connect to the mitral (left AV) valve output through aortic semilunar valve

Question 26

Cardiac Valves

Answer 26

* Atrioventricular values * Right = tricuspid * Left = Bicuspid = mitral * Outflow (Semilunar) Valves * Aortic * Pulmonary * Both Valves Tricuspid

Question 27

Right Coronary Artery (RCA)

Answer 27

Supplies right ventricle and SA Node

Question 28

Left Coronary Artery (LCA)

Answer 28

* Left anterior descending (LAD) branch supplies left ventricle * "widow maker" * Circumflex (LCX) branch

Question 29

Posterior Descending Artery (PDA)

Answer 29

From RCA in 70% of cases

Question 30

Coronary Sinus

Answer 30

Returns venous blood to right atrium

Question 31

Coronary Occlusion

Answer 31

Partial or complete obstruction of bloodflow to myocardium

Question 32

angina pectoris

Answer 32

Chest pain due to coronary obstruction and ischemia of myocardium

Question 33

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Answer 33

heart attack Necrosis of myocardial tissue due to coronary occlusion

Question 34

Treatments for coronary occlusion

Answer 34

Angioplasty and catheterization (with or without stints) Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

Question 35

Autonomic nervous system's control of cardiovascular system sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

Answer 35

* ANS contols BP and blood flow in peripheral tissues * Sympathetic nerves control dilation and constriction of BV's in periphery (e.g. Skin and muscles) * Parasympathetic nerves have input to blood vessels only in GI tract and genitals

Question 36

Are cardiac muscle cells myogenic?

Answer 36

Yes

Question 37

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Answer 37

Pacemaker of heart

Question 38

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Answer 38

Controls blood ejection from heart

Question 39

ANS's regulation of heart function

Answer 39

* Control center of brainstem * Parasympathetic fibers carried by the vagus n. (CN X) decrease heart rate, reduce cardiac contraction and output * Sympathetic fibers from spinal lavels T1-T6 increase HR, cardiac contraction force, and output

Question 40

Dermatomes Associated with Cardiac Pain?

Answer 40

T1 - T6

Question 41

Sex Differences in MI Symptoms

Answer 41