The Brain

Question 1

Prosencephalon

Answer 1

AKA - Forebrain

• Telencephalon
• Diencephalon

Question 2

Telencephalon

Answer 2

Part of the forebrain

• The largest division of the human brain
• Consists of the cerebrum (cerebral cortex), hippocampus, basal ganglia, and amygdala

Question 3

Cerebrum

Answer 3

Main portion of the brain divided into left and right halves, with all the lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)

Question 4

Left Hemisphere

Answer 4

• Language (written and spoken)
• Logic and Rational
• Analytical/Mathematical calculations
• Positive emotion such as love and happiness

Question 5

Right Hemisphere

Answer 5

• Nonverbal processing
• Artistic ability/Musical understanding
• Hand-eye coordination
• Kinesthetic awareness/spatial relationships/body image
• Mathematical reasoning
• Understanding nonverbal communication
• Express negative emotions

Question 6

Frontal Lobe Function

Answer 6

• Voluntary movement, intellect, orientation
• Broca’s area (speech, concentration) - usually on the left
• personality, temper, judgement, reasoning, behavior, self awareness, executive function

Question 7

Frontal Lobe Impairments

Answer 7

• contralateral weakness
• perseveration, inattention
• personality changes, antisocial behavior
• impaired concentration, apathy
• Broca’s aphasia (expressive)
• delayed or poor initiation
• emotional libility

Question 8

Parietal Lobe Function

Answer 8

• touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration, temperature
• receives information about hearing, vision, motor, sensory, and memory.
• provides meaning for objects
• interprets language and words
• spatial and visual perception

Question 9

Parietal Lobe Impairments

Answer 9

• agraphia, alexia, agnosia
• dressing appraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia
• contralateral sensory deficits
• impaired language comprehension
• impaired taste

Question 10

Temporal Lobe Function

Answer 10

• auditory processing, olfaction
• Wernicke’s area - ability to understand and produce language
• interpreting other people’s emotions and reactions

Question 11

Temporal Lobe Impairment

Answer 11

• learning deficits
• Wernicke’s aphasia
• antisocial, aggressive behavior
• difficulty with facial recognition
• difficulty with memory, memory loss
• inability to categorize objects

Question 12

Occipital Lobe Function

Answer 12

• main processing center for visual information
• processes visual information regarding colors, light, and shapes
• judgment of distance, seeing in three dimensions

Question 13

Occipital Lobe Impairment

Answer 13

• homonymous hemianopsia
• impaired extraocular muscle movement and visual deficits
• impaired color recognition
• reading and writing impairment
• cortical blindness and bilateral lobe involvement

Question 14

Hippocampus

Answer 14

Located deep in the temporal lobe

-responsible for forming and storing memory and learning language

Question 15

Basal Ganglia

Answer 15

Gray matter masses located deep in the cerebrum

• includes the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nuclei
• responsible for voluntary movement, regulation of autonomic movement, posture, muscle tone, and control of motor responses.

Question 16

Amygdala

Answer 16

Small, almond shaped nucleus located within the temporal lobes of each hemisphere.
-emotional and social processing, processing of memory, and formation of emotional memories.

Question 17

Diencephalon

Answer 17

Part of the forebrain

• Located beneath the cerebral hemispheres
• Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, and epithalamus
• Location where the major motor and sensory tracts synapse, and an interactive site between the CNS and endocrine system

Question 18

Thalamus

Answer 18

Relay or processing station for the majority of information that goes to the cerebral cortex.
-coordinates sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movement.

Question 19

Hypothalamus

Answer 19

• Regulating hormones.
• Hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, sleeping
• body temperature, adrenal glands, pituitary gland

Question 20

Subthalamus

Answer 20

-Regulating movements produced by skeletal muscles

Question 21

Epithalamus

Answer 21

-secreting melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythm.

Question 22

Mesencephalon

Answer 22

AKA Midbrain
one of the three components of the brainstem and is located at the base of the brain above the spinal cord.
-Reflex center for visual, auditory, and tactile responses

Question 23

Rhombencephalon

Answer 23

AKA Hindbrain

consists of the cerebellum, pons, and medula oblongata

Question 24

Cerebellum (metencephalon)

Answer 24

• responsible for fine tuning of movement, rapid alternating movement
• maintaining posture and balance
• damage to one side with cause ipsilateral impairments

Question 25

Pons (metencephalon)

Answer 25

- regulation of respiration rate - orientation of the head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli - CNV-VII originate from the pons

Question 26

Medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)

Answer 26

- regulation of respiration and heart rate - relaying somatic sensory information from the internal organs - CN IX-XII originate in the medulla.

Question 27

Brainstem

Answer 27

- Consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. | - responsible for heart rate and respiration rate.

Question 28

Anterior Cerebral Artery ACA

Answer 28

``` Supplies: frontal and parietal lobes Impairments: - contralateral LE motor and sensory involvement - loss of bowel/bladder - loss of behavioral inhibition - mental changes - neglect - aphasia ```

Question 29

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

Answer 29

Most common site of a CVA Supplies: most of outer cerebrum and basal ganglia Impairments: - Wernicke's aphasia - Homonymous hemianopsia - Apraxia - Contralateral weakness and sensory loss of face and UEs with lesser involvement of LEs - Impaired spatial relations and body schema

Question 30

Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)

Answer 30

Supplies: midbrain, inferior temporal lobe, occipital lobe Impairments: - Contralateral pain and temperature loss - Contralateral hemiplegia - Ataxia, athetosis - Thalamic pain syndrome

Question 31

Vertebral-basilar artery

Answer 31

``` Supplies: brainstem and cerebellum Impairments: - loss of consciousness - hemiplegia or tetraplegia - vegetative state - inability to speak - Nystagmus, dysphagia, dysarthria, syncope, ataxia ```