The Brain and Spinal Cord Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
3 main divisions of brain
A
cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem
2
Q
white matter (composed of, function)
A
composed of nerve axons (covered with myelin)
axons carry nerve impulses between the neurons
3
Q
grey matter (composed of, function)
A
composed of nerve cell bodies (unmyelinated)
nerve cell bodies are control centers
route sensory and motor stimuli and create a response
4
Q
axons carry _____ _____ between the neurons
A
nerve impulses
5
Q
nerve cell bodies are ____ _____; route ___ and ___ stimulu and create a response
A
control centers
sensory
motor
6
Q
cerebrum
A
largest part
divided into R/L hemisphere
consist of both grey matter and white matter
7
Q
the cerebrum hemispheres are connected in the midline by a structure called the
A
corpus callosum
8
Q
the cerebral hemispheres are separated from one another from one another by the
A
falx cerebri
9
Q
each cerebral hemispheres can be further subdivided into ___ lobes
A
4
10
Q
cerebral gray matter (consists of what and location)
A
the cortex (outer layer) and basal nuclei (located deep in the midline)
11
Q
cerebral white matter lies deep to the ______
A
cortex
12
Q
the 4 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere correspond to the adjacent ______
A
cranial bone
13
Q
gyri
A
small folds in the cerebrum
14
Q
sulci
A
shallow grooves in the cerebrum
15
Q
fissures
A
deep grooves in the cerebrum
16
Q
what are the two fissures in the cerebrum
A
longitudinal (separates hemisphere)
lateral (Sylvian) (separates temporal froom frotnal and parietal)
17
Q
corpus callosum (what, location, function, forms)
A
bundle of white matter located in the midline
connection between the R/L hemispheres
forms the roof of the lateral ventricles
18
Q
parts of the corpus callosum
A
rostrum (think uncinate as a long word)
genu (think head as 4 letters)
body
splenium (like spleen as pancreas tail points to spleen)
everything correlates to the pancreas for shape/names
19
Q
basal nuclei aka
A
ganglia
20
Q
basal nuclei/ganglia (what/location/function/adjacent to)
A
distinct regions of grey matter deep within cerebral white matter
relay stations for sensory stimuli
adjacent to lat ventricles
21
Q
what are the two basal nuclei/ganglia
A
caudate nucleus
lentiform nucleus
22
Q
what are the two parts of the lentiform nucleus
A
putamen
globus pallidus
23
Q
thalamus
A
ovoid masses of grey matter (R/L)
at the base of the cerebral hemispheres
relay stations for nerve impulses
R/L thalami are located on either side of the third ventricle
24
Q
basal nuclei/ganglia are relay stations for ______ stimuli
A
sensory
25
basal nuclei/ganglia are adjacent to the ______
lateral ventricles
26
basal nuclei/ganglia are distinct regions of ________ deep within the cerebral ______
grey matter
white matter
27
the thalamus are ____ masses of ____ matter
ovoid
gray
28
the thalamus is located at the ____ of the cerebral hemispheres and the R/L thalami are located on either side of the ______
base
3rd ventricle
29
the thalamus forms the ____ walls of the 3rd ventricle
lateral
30
massa intermedia
tissue bridge between R/L thalamus
passes through the 3rd ventricle in the midline
31
the brainstem connects the ___ and the ____
brain
spinal cord
32
brainstem controls
vitals functions such as breathing and HR
33
major parts of the brainstem (3)
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata (medulla)
34
the forebrain AKA; hindbrain AKA
cerebrum
cerbellum
35
midbrain (what/size/location/surrounds)
superior/smallest portion of brainstem
located superior to the pons
surrounds the cerebral aqueduct
36
the cerebral aqueduct is a connection between the ____ and ____ and is surrounded by the _____
3rd and 4th ventricles
midbrain
37
pons (what/location)
prominent anterior bulge of the brainstem
between midbrain and medulla
38
what is the bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum
pons
39
what does the pons form
the anterior wall of the 4th ventricle
40
what forms the anterior wall of the 4th ventricle
pons
41
what does the pons control
controls involuntary functions (sleep, hearing, balance)
42
medulla oblongata (what part of brainstem, extends from, continuous with)
inferior portion of the brainstem
extend from pons to the foramen magnum
continuous with the spinal cord
43
the medulla oblongata extends from the ___ to the _____
pons
foramen magnum
44
foramen magnum
hole at the base of the skull
45
what does the medulla oblongata regulate
vital functions like HR/respiratory rhythm/blood pressure/breathing
46
cerebellum has how many hemispheres
two (R/L)
47
the cerebellum sits posterior to the ____ and _____
pons
medulla oblongata
48
the cerebellum sits _____ to the pons and medulla oblongata
posterior
49
the cerebellum is the center for ____ functions
motor
50
tentorium cerebelli
separates the cerebrum from cerebellum
51
what separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
the tentorium cerebelli
52
parts of cerebellum (2)
vermis
cerebellar peduncles
53
vermis (part of what, location, connects)
part of the cerebellum
midline structure
connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
54
what connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
vermis
55
cerebellar peduncles (part of, how many, connect, locations)
part of the cerebellum
3 bilateral pairs
nerve tracts that connect the cerebellum to the other parts of the brainstem
superior, middle, and inferior
56
what are the three cerebellar peduncle pairs
superior
middle
inferior
57
what are the nerve tracts that connect the cerebellum to other parts of the brainstem
cerebellar peduncles
58
ventricles are
fluid filled cavities in the brain
59
parts of the ventricles
right and left
3rd
4th
60
all 4 ventricles are interconnected by ____
chanels
61
the function of the ventricles
production and pathway of CSF
62
what functions in the production and pathway of CSF
ventricles
63
CSF (long name, looks like, produced by)
cerebrospinal fluid
clear colourless fluid
produced by choroid plexus of ventricles
64
what produces CSF
choroid plexus of ventricles
65
CSF circulates in the _____
subarachnoid space
66
function of CSF (3)
acts as a protective cushion
provided buoyancy to support the weight of the brain
drains into the blood via the dural sinuses
67
the CSF acts as a _____, it provided ____ to support the ____ of the brain, and it drains into the ____ via _____
protective cushion
buoyancy
weight
blood
dural sinuses
68
how does CSF drain into the blood
via dural sinuses
69
lateral ventricles (paired?, size, shape, located)
paired
largest
c shaped
located within each cerebral hemispheres
70
what is located within each cerebral hemispheres
the lateral ventricles
71
each lat ventricle is ____ to the midline, separated medially by the ______, and communicates with the _____
lateral
septum pellucidum
3rd ventricle
72
the lateral ventricles are separated medially by the _______
septum pellucidum
73
the lateral ventricles are separated _____ by the septum pellucidum
medially
74
features of the lateral ventricles (4)
body
horns
trigone (atria)
interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)
75
body of lat ventricles
central portion of the lateral ventricle
76
horns of the lat venricles (what, names of them/location)
extensions of the body
frontal/anterior
occipital/posterior
temporal/inferior
77
the lat ventricles frontal extension is located ____, occipital is located ______, and temporal is located ____
anterior
posterior
inferior
78
trigone of lat ventricles AKA
atria
79
what is the trigone/atria
triangular area of the body connected to all horns
80
what is the triangular area of the body connected to all horns of the lat ventricles called
trigone/atria
81
interventricular foramen is AKA
Foramen of Monro
82
what is the interventricular foramen
channel between each lateral ventricle and 3rd ventricle
83
what is the channel between each lateral ventricle and 3rd ventricle
the interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monro)
84
the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles are more ___ than the posterior horns
medially
85
cavum septum pellucidum (shape, location, separates)
thin triangular membrane
midline inferior to the corpus callosum
separates medial walls of lat ventricles
86
what separates the medial walls of the lat ventricles
cavum septum pellucidum
87
choroid plexus (lines, function)
lines areas within each ventricle
produces continuous supply of CSF
88
choroid plexus is on the ____ of the lat ventricles, on the ____ of the 3rd ventricles, and on the _____ of the 4th ventricles
floor
roof
posterior wall
89
third ventricle sit inferior to
the lat ventricles
90
third ventricle lat walls are formed by
R/L thalami
91
what runs through the third ventricle
the massa intermedia of the thalamus
92
cerebral aqueduct aka
Aqueduct of Sylvius
93
what is the cerebral aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius) (extends)
the connection between the 3/4 ventricles
extends posteriorly from the 3rd ventricle
94
what is the connection between the 3/4 ventricles
the cerebral aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius)
95
the 4th ventricle (shape, inferior/post to, anterior to, posterior to)
located inferior and post to third ventricle
diamond shaped ventricle
located anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pons
96
how many channels drain the 4th ventricle
three
97
the fourth ventricle is ____ and ____ the the third ventricle
located _____ to the cerebellum
located ____ to the pons
inferior
posterior
anterior
posterior
98
Foramen of Magendie (what, function, connected to)
single posterior midline opening draining the 4th ventricle
connected to the central canal of the spinal cord
99
what is a single posterior midline opening connected to the central canal of the spinal cord that drains the 4th ventricle
Foramen of Magendie
100
Foramen of Luschka
2 lateral openings that drain the 4th ventricle
101
what are the two lateral openings that drain the 4th ventricle
Foramen of Luschka
102
what do all three openings that drain the 4th ventricle communicate with
subarachnoid space
103
what are the meninges
3 distinct membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
104
functions of the meninges (5)
protect neural cells
provide support for vessels
create venous sinuses in the head
forms partition in the brain
allows for circulation of CSF
105
layers of the meninges
Dura Mater (outer)
Arachnoid (middle)
Pia mater (inner)
106
Dura Mater (AKA, what)
tough mother
strong outer covering
double layered membrane
107
what are the layers of the Dura Mater and what they adhere to
periosteal layer: adheres to the bone
meningeal layer: adheres to the brain and spinal cord
108
subdural space
inferior to dura mater
109
Dura Mater partitions (3) (location/separates)
falx cerebri (1): projects inward between cerebral hemispheres along longitudinal fissure
falx cerebelli (1): separates cerebellar hemispheres, inf/post to falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli (2): horizontal fold in transverse fissure separating cerebrum and cerebellum
110
what projects inward between cerebral hemispheres along longitudinal fissure (how many)
falx cerebri (1)
111
what separates cerebellar hemispheres and is inf/post to falx cerebri (how many)
falx cerebelli (1)
112
what is the horizontal fold in transverse fissure separating cerebrum and cerebellum (how many)
tentorium cerebelli (2)
113
dural layers separate along ____ to form ____
fissures
sinuses
114
all ____ of the head drain into the sinuses
veins
115
blood moves from the sinuses to the ________
internal jugular veins
116
the dural layers communicated with the _____ area
arachnoid
117
major dural sinuses (5)
superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
straight
transverse
sigmoid
118
blood from venous sinuses return to the heart via the ______
internal jugular vein
119
what is the arachnoid (what, appearance, contains)
the middle layer of the meninges
cobweb appearance
has arachnoid villi/granulations
120
what are the arachnoid villi/granulations (what, penetrate/project, function)
outgrowths of arachnoid mater penetrate the dura
these outgrowth project into the venous sinuses
allow for reabsorption of fluid into the venous system
121
what allow for reabsorption of fluid into the venous system by projecting into the venous sinsuses
arachnoid villi/granulations
122
the subarachnoid space is an important area for
circulation of CSF
123
the subarachnoid space surrounds the __
brain and spinal cord
124
the subarachnoid space receives CSF from the ____
ventricles
125
the subarachnoid lies between the ____ and the ____
arachnoid layer
pia layer
126
cisterns (what, location)
widened areas located in the subarachnoid space
pools of CSF
located mainly at the base of the skull
127
Cisterna Magna (what, continuous with)
the largest cisterns (pool)
continuous with the spinal space
128
Pia Mater AKA
tender mother
129
what is the pia mater (what, adheres to, follows, highly what)
delicate connective tissue
adheres to surface of the brain
membrane follows brain contour (enter grooves/fissures)
highly vascular
130
2 main arterial routes from the heart to the brain
internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries
131
the internal carotid arteries are branches of the _____, take a ____ route within the brain, and connect with the ______
common carotid arteries
tortuous
middle cerebral arteries
132
the vertebral arteries are branches of the _____, ascend cranially through the _______ of the ______ spine, enter the skull through the ______, and unite to form the _____ in the ____ brain
subclavian arteries
transverse foramina
cervical
foramen magnum
basilar artery
posterior
133
the Circle of Willis (what, location, unites, function)
arterial circle of major vessels at the base of the brain
unites anterior and posterior arterial blood supplies
collateral blood flow between hemispheres
allows for continuous flow to brain in cases of damage in one area
134
parts of the circle of Willis (5 and if paired or not)
posterior cerebral arteries (R/L)
posterior communicating arteries (R/L)
middle cerebral arteries (R/L)
anterior cerebral arteries (R/L)
anterior communicating artery (1)
135
posterior cerebral arteries are branch from the the ____
basilar artery
136
posterior communicating arteries run between the _______ and the ______
posterior cerebral arteries
middle cerebral arteries
137
middle cerebral arteries branch from the _______
internal carotid arteries
138
the anterior cerebral arteries are ______ ______ arteries
bilateral
anterior
139
anterior communicating artery is a single ____ artery that connects the ____ and ________
midline
right
left anterior cerebral arteries
140
spinal cord (what, continuation of, extends to)
nerve cable
continuation of the brain medulla
extends to the level of L2
141
widening of the spinal cord (2)
cervical
lumbosacral
(where limbs come off)
142
conus medullaris (what, should never)
distal tapering of cord
tip should never be below L2
143
cauda equina (what, location, appearance)
nerve bundles inferior to conus medullaris
horses tail appearance
144
filum terminale (what, off of, function)
slender strand from conus medullaris to coccyx
anchors cord
145
denticulate ligaments (function)
secure cord laterally to vertebral canal
