The brain stem

Question 1

three parts of the brainstem?

Answer 1

• midbrain
• pons
• medulla oblongata

Question 2

the reticular formation involved in?

Answer 2

conscious awareness and sensory filtering

Question 3

a cross-section of the midbrain shows the following 4 structures:

Answer 3

• the tectum on dorsal side
• the cerebral aqueduct in the middle
• the tegmentum on the ventral side
• two paired cerebral peduncles

Question 4

unique areas of the midbrain:

IMPRESS

Answer 4

• inferior colliculi
• medial longitudinal fasciculus
• periaqueductal grey
• red nucleus
• eye movement cranial nerves
• substantia nigra
• superior colliculi

Question 5

the pons communicates with cerebellum via?

Answer 5

the middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 6

two subareas of the pontine respiratory center?

Answer 6

the pneumotaxic center

the apneustic center

Question 7

What does the pneumotaxic center do?

Answer 7

stops inspiration when lungs have stretched too far

Question 8

What does the apneustic center do?

Answer 8

helps to promote inspiration when lungs are empty

Question 9

PPRF stands for?

Answer 9

paramedian pontine reticular formation

Question 10

two major sites of neurotransmitter production in pons?

Answer 10

the locus ceruleus

the raphe nucleus

Question 11

the locus ceruleus produces?

Answer 11

norepinephrine

Question 12

the raphe nucleus produces?

Answer 12

serotonin

Question 13

two cranial nerves branch off the midbrain?

Answer 13

III and IV

Question 14

4 cranial nerves branch off the pons?

Answer 14

V, VI, VII, VIII

Question 15

rapid correction of hyponatremia cause what damage?

Answer 15

central pontine myelinolysis

Question 16

central pontine myelinolysis results in what symptoms?

Answer 16

respiratory dysfunction
ataxia
changes in consciousness

Question 17

What area in the medulla initiates vomiting reflex?

Answer 17

area postrema

Question 18

The nucleus solitarius is involved in?

Answer 18

• taste sensation
• the gag reflex
• regulation of blood pressure

Question 19

The nucleus ambiguus controls?

Answer 19

the muscles involved in speech and swallowing

Question 20

The dorsal respiratory group in medulla is responsible for?

Answer 20

starting the process of inspiration

Question 21

The ventral respiratory group in medulla is responsible for?

Answer 21

controlling expiration

Question 22

What centers are located in the medulla oblongata?

Answer 22

cardiovascular and respiratory centers

Question 23

The pyramidal decussation occurs in?

Answer 23

the end of medulla

Question 24

the medulla shoots off the following cranial nerves:

Answer 24

IX, X, XI, XII

Question 25

Areas of the medulla oblongata that perform unique functions?

Answer 25

``` SCARPH: Nucleus Solitarius Crossing of motor and epicritic pathways Nucleus Ambiguus Respiratory center Area postrema Heart (Cardiovascular) center ```