The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are the 2 types of circulation? What kind of blood does each receive?

Answer 1

1. Pulmonary - deoxygenated blood

2. Systemic - oxygenated blood

Question 2

What valve separates the right atria and the right ventricle?

Answer 2

Tricuspid

Question 3

What valve separates the left atria and the left ventricle?

Answer 3

Bicuspid

Question 4

What valve separates the right ventricle and the vasculature?

Answer 4

Pulmonary

Question 5

What valve separates the left ventricle and the vasculature?

Answer 5

Aortic

Question 6

What is the FULL blood pathway?

Answer 6

1. Right atrium
2. Right ventricle
3. Pulmonary artery
4. Lungs
5. Pulmonary vein
6. Left atrium
7. Left ventricle
8. Aorta
9. Arteries
10. Arterioles
11. Capillaries
12. Venules
13. Veins
14. Vanea cavae
15. Right atrium

Question 7

Which side of the heart is more muscular? Why?

Answer 7

The left side because the systemic circulation has a much higher resistance and pressure

Question 8

What is the pathway of electrical conduction in the heart?

Answer 8

1. SA node
2. 2 atria contract
3. Atrial systole –> atrial kick
4. AV node
5. Bundle of His
6. Purkinje fibers

Question 9

Where is the SA node?

Answer 9

At the top of the atria

Question 10

Where is the AV node?

Answer 10

In the middle of the heart above the 2 ventricles

Question 11

What are cardiac muscle cells connected by? What do these contain?

Answer 11

Intercalated discs

Gap junctions

Question 12

Through which nerve does the heart receive neural input to slow down?

Answer 12

Vagus nerve

Question 13

What happens during systole?

Answer 13

Ventricules contract

Question 14

What happens during diastole?

Answer 14

Atria contract

Question 15

What is the cardiac output equation?

Answer 15

CO = heart rate . volume of blood per beat

Question 16

What is the P wave of the EKG?

Answer 16

Just before the atria contract

Question 17

What is the QRS complex on the EKG?

Answer 17

Just before the ventricles contract

Question 18

What is the T wave of the EKG?

Answer 18

Ventricular repolarization

Question 19

What happens during a heart attack or myocardial infarction?

Answer 19

Lack of O2 to heart –> muscle tissue begins to die

Question 20

How to treat a heart attack or myocardial infarction?

Answer 20

Beta blockers: they block the sympathetic stimulation –> decrease heart rate

Question 21

What is the S1 sound due to?

Answer 21

AV valves closing

Question 22

What is the S2 sound due to?

Answer 22

Semilunar valves closing

Question 23

What are the S3 and S4 sounds due to?

Answer 23

Stiffness of heart or high blood pressure

Question 24

What is ventricular tachycardia?

Answer 24

Elevated heart rate –> ventricles cannot properly fill up –> drop in systemic blood pressure –> death

Question 25

What are the 2 types of arteries that contain deoxygenated blood?

Answer 25

Pulmonary and umbilical

Question 26

What are the 2 types of veins that contain oxygenated blood?

Answer 26

Pulmonary and umbilical

Question 27

What are varicose veins due to?

Answer 27

Failure of venous valves

Question 28

What is another name for platelets?

Answer 28

Thrombocytes

Question 29

What is hemolysis?

Answer 29

destruction of red blood cells

Question 30

What antigens does the blood type A produce?

Answer 30

A

Question 31

What antibodies does the blood type A produce?

Answer 31

Anti-B

Question 32

What antibodies does the blood type O produce?

Answer 32

Anti-A and Anti-B

Question 33

What antibodies does the blood type AB produce?

Answer 33

None

Question 34

What antigens does the blood type O produce?

Answer 34

None

Question 35

What antigens does the blood type B produce?

Answer 35

B

Question 36

What antigens does the blood type AB produce?

Answer 36

A and B

Question 37

What antibodies does the blood type B produce?

Answer 37

Anti-A

Question 38

What blood type can A types donate to?

Answer 38

A, AB

Question 39

What blood type can B types donate to?

Answer 39

B, AB

Question 40

What blood type can O types donate to?

Answer 40

All

Question 41

What blood type can AB types donate to?

Answer 41

AB only

Question 42

Is the Rh factor dominant or recessive?

Answer 42

Dominant

Question 43

What is blood pressure measured by?

Answer 43

Sphygmomanometer

Question 44

What is the role of the atrial natriuretic peptide hormone?

Answer 44

Lower blood pressure

Question 45

What type of reaction binds and releases O2 on hemoglobin?

Answer 45

Redox

Question 46

What does the hydrostatic pressure do? What does it depend on?

Answer 46

It pushes fluids out of vessels into the tissues | Depends on blood pressure --> heart beat

Question 47

What does the oncotic/osmotic pressure do? What does it depend on?

Answer 47

It pulls fluids back into the vessels | Depends on number of particles in the blood

Question 48

What is the balancing of the osmotic and hydrostatic pressures called?

Answer 48

Starling forces

Question 49

Describe the coagulation cascade (6 steps)

Answer 49

1. Endothelial lining of vessel is damaged 2. Collagen and tissue factor are exposed 3. Platelets bind to collagen 4. Thrombin activates fibrin 5. Fibrin stabilizes the platelets binding 6. Plasmin breaks down the clot

Question 50

Which cells are the only blood cells to contain a nucleus?

Answer 50

Leukocytes

Question 51

What is the enzyme catalyzing the bicarbonate buffer system?

Answer 51

carbonic anhydrase

Question 52

What is the vascular structure creating the most resistance to blood flow?

Answer 52

Arterioles

Question 53

What is albumin?

Answer 53

The main protein in plasma

Question 54

Why is there more blood in the pulmonary circulatory system?

Answer 54

Because the veins lack smooth muscles and can stretch

Question 55

During pregnancy, can the two bloods touch each other?

Answer 55

Yes, a very small amount

Question 56

Is hemoglobin a homotetradimer or a heterotetradimer? Why?

Answer 56

Hetero, because each hemoglobin has 2 subunits