The Cell

Question 1

What is transduction?

Answer 1

In bacteria, the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using bacteriophages.

Question 2

What is a bacteriophage?

Answer 2

Virus that infects bacteria

Question 3

What is transformation?

Answer 3

In bacteria, the acquisition of genetic material from the environment

Question 4

What is conjugation?

Answer 4

In bacteria, the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using a conjugation bridge.

Question 5

What is a conjugation bridge made of?

Answer 5

Sex pili formed by sex factors

Question 6

What is the direction of conjugation?

Answer 6

From the donor male (+) to the recipient female (-)

Question 7

3 types of epithelial cells based on shape?

Answer 7

1. Cuboidal (square)
2. Columnar (long, narrow)
3. Squamous (flat, scale-like)

Question 8

How do mitochondria divide?

Answer 8

Binary fission

Question 9

Do the mitochondria need the nucleus to divide?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

What are the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 10

1. Microfilaments
2. Microtubules
3. Intermediate filaments

Question 11

What are microfilaments made of?

Answer 11

Actin

Question 12

What are microtubules made of?

Answer 12

Tubulin

Question 13

Difference between smooth and rough ER?

Answer 13

Smooth: lipid synthesis + detoxification of certain drugs and poisons
Rough: studded with ribosomes

Question 14

What is the nucleolus? What happens there?

Answer 14

Subsection of the nucleus

rRNA is synthesized there

Question 15

What is the role of rRNA?

Answer 15

Help decode mRNA

Question 16

What do viruses contain (3 things)?

Answer 16

1. Genetic material
2. Capsid = protein coat
3. Lipid-containing envelop (sometimes)

Question 17

Are viruses considered living things? Why?

Answer 17

No, because they need other cells to replicate

Question 18

How do prokaryotes carry out the ETC?

Answer 18

Using the cell membrane

Question 19

Where are plasmids and transposons from? What is the difference?

Answer 19

Both are made of bacterial genetic material. However, plasmids do not usually integrate into the main genomic DNA, but transposons do.

Question 20

What is the genetic material of bacteria made of?

Answer 20

DNA => double-stranded, circular, and self-replicating.

Question 21

What is the genetic material of viruses made of?

Answer 21

DNA or RNA

Question 22

What are retroviruses?

Answer 22

Viruses with RNA as genetic material, who use it to make a complimentary DNA strand using reverse transcriptase

Question 23

What does it mean when a virus is positive sense?

Answer 23

Its genetic material is single stranded RNA that can be directly translated by the host cell

Question 24

What does it mean when a virus is negative sense?

Answer 24

Its genetic material is single stranded RNA that needs to be replicated by RNA replicase before it can be translated by the host cell

Question 25

What are prions? What do they cause?

Answer 25

Infectious proteins | Misfolding of other proteins (usually alpha helices and beta sheets)

Question 26

What are viroids? What is there genetic material made of? What do they cause?

Answer 26

Plant pathogens Small circular RNA Can turn genes off

Question 27

Gram + bacteria: what is the wall made of? What color does it turn?

Answer 27

``` Thick wall (no outer membrane): peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid Purple ```

Question 28

What does bacteria gram staining use?

Answer 28

Crystal violet stain

Question 29

Gram - bacteria: what is the wall made of? What color does it turn?

Answer 29

Thin wall: peptidoglycan and outer membrane = phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides Pink/red

Question 30

Difference between episomes and transposons?

Answer 30

Transposons are a type of episomes

Question 31

What is the basement membrane?

Answer 31

The underlying layer of connective tissue that tightly joins epithelial cells together

Question 32

What are cilia and flagella made up?

Answer 32

Microtubules (9+2 structure)

Question 33

What part of mitosis are microfilaments involved in?

Answer 33

Cytokinesis

Question 34

What part of mitosis are microtubules involved in?

Answer 34

Metaphase

Question 35

What does desiccation mean?

Answer 35

Drying

Question 36

What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth?

Answer 36

1. Lag = adapts to new local conditions 2. Exponential (log) = exponential growth 3. Stationary = resources decrease 4. Death = insufficient resources

Question 37

What are the 2 life cycles of bacteriophages?

Answer 37

1. Lytic = massive number of virus cells produced | 2. Lysogenic = virus integrates into host genome and reproduces

Question 38

What is the genetic material of mitochondria made of?

Answer 38

DNA => double-stranded, circular, and self-replicating.

Question 39

Which bacterial recombination technique would allow for an entire colony to be converted?

Answer 39

Conjugation

Question 40

How do transcription and translation happen in prokaryotes?

Answer 40

Simulateously

Question 41

Where is the genetic material stored in viruses?

Answer 41

The capsid!

Question 42

What is one main difference between bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) and animal viruses?

Answer 42

Animal cells have proteins on their surface plasma that serve as specific receptors for viruses to bind and then enter via endocytosis; bacteria do not so the virus punctures the bacteria to enter

Question 43

What is formylmethionine? Is it used in human cells?

Answer 43

The first amino acid added in bacterial protein synthesis | No

Question 44

What is the difference between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA?

Answer 44

Mitochondrial DNA: lacks histone complexes!

Question 45

How many membranes does the lysosomes have?

Answer 45

1

Question 46

What are the 2 parts of a cell with a double membrane?

Answer 46

Mitochondria and nucleus

Question 47

Do ribosomes have a membrane?

Answer 47

No

Question 48

In human cells, what are the only 2 organelles that undergo fission?

Answer 48

mitochondria and peroxisomes

Question 49

Can eukaryotes produce reverse transcriptase?

Answer 49

No

Question 50

What does reverse transcriptase do?

Answer 50

Makes DNA from RNA

Question 51

When does a modification need to happen to have an effect on all of the chromatids during cell replication?

Answer 51

it needs to happen before synthesis

Question 52

What does prokaryotic DNA lack?

Answer 52

Nucleosomes and histones

Question 53

How does photosynthesis work in plants?

Answer 53

Plants have green pigment to absorb light for photosynthesis → photosynthesis fixes CO2, which is then used to make glucose → glucose anabolism