Immune System

Question 1

3 types of granulocytes?

Answer 1

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

Question 2

3 types of agrunolocytes?

Answer 2

1. B-cells
2. T-cells
3. Macrophages

Question 3

Where are B-cells activated by antigens? 2 places

Answer 3

1. Lymph nodes

2. Spleen

Question 4

What are macrophages called in the CNS?

Answer 4

Microglia

Question 5

What are macrophages called in the skin? 2 names

Answer 5

Langherhans cells = dendritic cells

Question 6

What are macrophages called in bone?

Answer 6

Osteoclasts

Question 7

What is defensis?

Answer 7

Antibacterial enzyme on the skin

Question 8

What is lysozyme?

Answer 8

Antimicrobiaal enzyme in tears and saliva

Question 9

What are complements?

Answer 9

Proteins that create holes in bacteria

Question 10

What are the two pathways to activate complements?

Answer 10

1. Classical: binding of antibody to pathogen

2. Alternative: does not require antibodies

Question 11

What are interferons?

Answer 11

proteins that prevent viral replication and dispersion

Question 12

Which type of immune cells are responsible for flu-like symptons?

Answer 12

Interferons

Question 13

What cells present MHC I molecules?

Answer 13

All nucleated cells

Question 14

What are the two roles of macrophages?

Answer 14

1. Ingest pathogens and present them on MHC molecules

2. Release cytokines (recruit other immune cells)

Question 15

What is the difference between MHC I and MHC II molecules?

Answer 15

MHC I: present endogenous pathogens: viruses

MHC II: present exogenous pathogens brought in by endocytosis

Question 16

By what cells are NK cells activated?

Answer 16

Cells that do not present MHC molecules

Question 17

What are neutrophils activated by?

Answer 17

bacteria

Question 18

What does it mean for a bacteria to be opsonized?

Answer 18

It has been tagged with an antibody

Question 19

What are basophils and mast cells activated by?

Answer 19

Allergens

Question 20

What is the role of basophils and mast cells?

Answer 20

Inflammatory response

Question 21

What size and color granules do basophils have?

Answer 21

Large purple

Question 22

What color granules do Eosinophils have?

Answer 22

Bright red-orange

Question 23

What happens during inflammation?

Answer 23

Vasodilation and increased leakiness in blood vessels allowing additional immune cells to come into the tissue

Question 24

What is the role of neutrophils?

Answer 24

Phagocytosis of bacteria

Question 25

What is pus made of?

Answer 25

Dead neutrophils

Question 26

What are the 4 types of cells that present antigens on MHC II?

Answer 26

1. Macrophages 2. Skin dendritic cells 3. B-cells 4. Epithelial cells

Question 27

What is the role of eosinophils?

Answer 27

main response against parasites

Question 28

What types of immune cells have pattern recognition receptors (PPRs)?

Answer 28

Macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 29

What is the role of PPRs?

Answer 29

they recognize the type of invaders and release specific cytokines

Question 30

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 30

Production of antibodies by B-cells

Question 31

What are heavy and light chains connected by in antibodies?

Answer 31

Disulfide links

Question 32

What region of the antibody is recognized by NK cells, macrophages, and eosiniphils?

Answer 32

The constant region

Question 33

What is clonal selection?

Answer 33

high and exclusive specificity between antigens and antibodies as a result of hypermutation

Question 34

What is isotype switching?

Answer 34

the switching of which isotype the antibody is (5 types) depending on which cytokines are released

Question 35

How many types of antibody isotypes can a B-cell make?

Answer 35

1

Question 36

What are the 3 possible responses after an antigen binds to an antibody in the blood?

Answer 36

1. Opsonization: marked for destruction 2. Agglutination and phagocytosis 3. Neutralization

Question 37

What are the 2 possible responses after an antigen binds to an antibody on the surface of a cell?

Answer 37

1. Degranulation = histamine release | 2. Immune cell activation

Question 38

What is cell-mediated immunity? What is another name for it?

Answer 38

T-cell function | Cytotoxic

Question 39

What is positive selection of T-cells?

Answer 39

Selection of T-cells that can react to an antigen presented on an MHC in the thymus

Question 40

What is negative selection of T-cells?

Answer 40

Apoptosis of self-reactive T-cells in the thymus or transforms them into suppressor T-cells

Question 41

What is the role of helper T-cells? What is another name for them?

Answer 41

respond to antigens on MHC II and secrete lymphokines to recruit other immune cells CD4+

Question 42

What is the role of cytotoxic T-cells? What is another name for them?

Answer 42

respond to antigens on MHC I and kill the infected cells | CD8+

Question 43

What immune cells are missing in HIV infection?

Answer 43

Helper T-cells

Question 44

What are the 2 types of helper T-cells? What is the role of each?

Answer 44

1. Th1: activates macrophages | 2. Th2: activates B-cells

Question 45

What is the role of suppressor T-cells? What is another name for them?

Answer 45

Tone down the immune response after infection and promote self-tolerance

Question 46

What hormones are used against autoimmune diseases?

Answer 46

Glucocorticoids

Question 47

Where are the germinal centers?

Answer 47

In lymph nodes

Question 48

What is an edema due to?

Answer 48

Swelling due to fluid collection in tissues when the lymphatic system is not there to help (overwhelmed)

Question 49

What are plasma cells?

Answer 49

B-cells that produce antibodies

Question 50

What does specific immunity refer to?

Answer 50

B-cells and T-cells

Question 51

In hematopoiesis, what is the common stem cell of B and T cells? What is another immune cell made from this same cell?

Answer 51

Lymphoid stem cell | NK

Question 52

What are the 6 cell types with myeloid stem cells as precursors?

Answer 52

1. Monocytes 2. Neutrophils 3. Basophils 4. Eosinophils 5. Platelets 6. Erythrocytes

Question 53

What is the cell precursor of the dendritic cells? What other cells share this precursor?

Answer 53

Monocytes | Macrophages

Question 54

What is meant by white blood cell? What is another name for these?

Answer 54

ALL immune cells | Leukocytes

Question 55

What are the 2 functions of interleukins?

Answer 55

1. Direct the proliferation and maturation of T-cells and B-cells 2. Activate NK, macrophages, and B-cells

Question 56

What is the main antibody isotype against allergens?

Answer 56

IgE