The Cell

Question 1

cells for contraction

Answer 1

muscle cells

Question 2

cells for conduction of electrical impulses

Answer 2

nerve cells

Question 3

cells for the storage of lipids

Answer 3

adipose cells

Question 4

cells for the synthesis of of enzymes

Answer 4

secretory cells

Question 5

cells for the support of tissues, connecting them together, and cushioning

Answer 5

connective tissus cells

Question 6

cells for protection

Answer 6

immune system cells and skin

Question 7

cells for gas transport

Answer 7

erythrocytes

Question 8

3 major cell components

Answer 8

1. nucleus
2. cytoplasm
3. plasmalemma (plasma membrane or cell membrane)

Question 9

structure and function are

Answer 9

linked

Question 10

major constituents of the cytoplasm

Answer 10

1. cytoskeleton
2. organelles
3. cytoplasmic inclusions

Question 11

responsible for maintaining shape of the cell, segregating compartments to some extent, transport of organelles in cytoplasm, locomotion, division.

Answer 11

cytoskeleton

• microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, centrioles

Question 12

• composed of protein tubulin in a polymerized form

- part of the cytoskeleton

Answer 12

microtubules

Question 13

_______ are the basic units of cilia, flagella and centrioles

Answer 13

microtubules

Question 14

in the case of cilia and flagella, an additional protein known as _____ is present along the lengths of some of the tubules
-responsible for the sliding of cilia and flagella against one another

Answer 14

dynein

Question 15

microtubules are depolymerized by a chemical called _____

- if exposed to it, cells will stop moving and round up

Answer 15

colchicine

Question 16

are smaller than microtubules and are composed of actin, a contractile protein
- cause contractile movement of cells

Answer 16

microfilaments

Question 17

roles in cellular function are still open to question. some composed of keratin, part of the cytoskeleton

Answer 17

intermediate filaments

Question 18

what holds cells together

Answer 18

cellular junctions

Question 19

organelle specialized for the production of ATP

Answer 19

mitochondria

Question 20

mitochondria accumulate in the cytoplasm where ______ ______ are highest

Answer 20

metabolic rates

Question 21

are where there are 1000s of mitochondria because of the high metabolic rate, an example

Answer 21

liver cells

Question 22

mitochondria have two membranes, inner and outer. the inner is in folds called

Answer 22

cristae

Question 23

mitochondria have their own ____ and undergo ______

Answer 23

DNA

division

Question 24

Mitochondria evolved from

Answer 24

a bacteria like organism that became intracellular symbionts of eukaryotic cells

Question 25

_____ is formed by the degradation of glucose molecules to ___ and ____

Answer 25

ATP CO2 H2O

Question 26

formation of ATP from glucose happened from what 3 processes

Answer 26

1. glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. oxidative phosphorylation

Question 27

glycolysis occurs in the _____

Answer 27

cell cytoplasm

Question 28

pyruvic acid is converted to

Answer 28

acetyl co-enzyme A that goes INTO the mitochondria

Question 29

what two processes happen in the mitochondria

Answer 29

Krebs cycle | oxidative phosphorylation

Question 30

glycolysis results in ___ molecules of ATP

Answer 30

2

Question 31

Krebs and oxidative phosphorylation result in ___ molecules of ATP

Answer 31

36

Question 32

___% of ATP is formed in the mitochondrion

Answer 32

95%

Question 33

the ____ ______ plays a role in processing and packaging of material synthesized within the cell

Answer 33

Golgi body

Question 34

Golgi body is formed of the forming face _____ _____ and the maturing face _____ _____

Answer 34

forming face = convex side | maturing face = concave side

Question 35

convex side of Golgi

Answer 35

forming face (cis)

Question 36

concave side of Golgi

Answer 36

maturing face (trans)

Question 37

spaces through which molecules can enter or leave the nucleus

Answer 37

nuclear pores

Question 38

two types of chromatin

Answer 38

heterochromatin | euchromatin

Question 39

highly condensed chromatin

Answer 39

heterochromatin

Question 40

less condensed chromatin

Answer 40

euchromatin

Question 41

structures are where rRNA is synthesized for the construction of ribosomes

Answer 41

nucleolus or multiple nucleoli

Question 42

the smallest structural unit of a living organism that can function independently if placed in an appropriate environment

Answer 42

cell

Question 43

developed independently by both Schleiden and Schwann in 1832. States that all living organisms are constructed of small subunits called cells

Answer 43

The cell theory

Question 44

composition of mammalian tissues | 3 things

Answer 44

1. cells 2. intercellular substance 3. tissue fluid

Question 45

egg + sperm =

Answer 45

zygote fertilization

Question 46

establishes primary germ layers

Answer 46

gastrulation

Question 47

what are the 3 primary germ layers

Answer 47

1. ectoderm 2. mesoderm 3. endoderm

Question 48

establishes specific tissue types- involves cellular differentiation - specific function

Answer 48

histogenesis

Question 49

part of the plasmalemma, functions in recognition and adhesion

Answer 49

glycocalyx

Question 50

a layered membrane bound organelle that consists of a network of tubular and vesicular cisternae that ramify throughout large volumes of cytoplasm.

Answer 50

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 51

membrane of ER is continuous with the

Answer 51

nuclear membrane

Question 52

site of processing of lipid and protein for cellular functions

Answer 52

ER

Question 53

ribosomes attached with outer surface | processes proteins

Answer 53

rough ER

Question 54

no ribosomes attached, processing of lipids

Answer 54

smooth ER

Question 55

specialized smooth ER associated with striated muscle. specialized for storage and release of Ca+

Answer 55

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 56

period between divisions, 3 major components: G1, S, G2. synthesis of DNA takes place during the 'S' stage

Answer 56

interphase

Question 57

replicated chromosomes condense (each chromatid is connected to its duplicate at the centromere), nuclear envelope breaks down near end of this phase, the nucleolus disappears, and the mitotic spindle forms

Answer 57

prophase

Question 58

replicated chromosomes align on the "equator" of the mitotic apparatus (spindle). the chromatids are attached to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle at the centromere.

Answer 58

metaphase

Question 59

duplicate chromatids separate at the centromere and move toward opposite poles of the mitotic spindle

Answer 59

anaphase

Question 60

chromosomes reach the poles of the mitotic spindle, nuclear envelope (membrane) reforms, cell completes division

Answer 60

telophase

Question 61

non membrane bound accumulations of material in the cell cytoplasm

Answer 61

cytoplasmic inclusions

Question 62

6 cytoplasmic inclusions

Answer 62

1. lipid droplets 2. glycogen 3. melanin (pigment) 4. lipofuscin (pigment) 5. crystals of various types 6. hemosiderin (pigment)

Question 63

in people who smoke, gums get brown near teeth. increased amount of melanin. benign, not a cancer…just gross

Answer 63

smoker's melanosis

Question 64

internalization of materials outside the cell by the invagination of plasma membrane to form a vesicle that engulfs external materials and then pinches off forming a vesicle in the cytoplasm

Answer 64

endocytosis

Question 65

transport of materials out of cells. internally formed membrane bound vesicles rise with plasma membrane and release their contents to the external environment (secretion)

Answer 65

exocytosis

Question 66

membrane bound vesicles that comprise the digestive and excretory systems of the cell

Answer 66

lysosomes

Question 67

digestion of material from out side the cell takes place here

Answer 67

heterophagosomes

Question 68

function is to recycle intracellular material, type of lysososme

Answer 68

autophagosomes