The Cell Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Living matter of any plant or animal is called _______.
A
Protoplasm
2
Q
A single unit of protoplasm is called a ____.
A
Cell
3
Q
Plants, animals, and humans consist of groups of __________ cells.
A
Interdependent
4
Q
Interdependent cells _______ various functions.
A
Coordinate
5
Q
Cells serving the same general function are called a _______.
A
Tissue
6
Q
Pioneer of the cell
A
Robert Hook
7
Q
Pioneer of microscopes
A
Leewenhoek
8
Q
Pioneers of cell theory
A
Schwann and Schleiden
9
Q
What are the components of the nucleus?
A
- Nucleo- or karyoplasm
- Chromosomes
10
Q
Cytoplasm function and components
A
- Site of metabolic activities and specialized functions
- Organelles, Inclusions, Cytosol
11
Q
Organelle description & classification
A
- Metabolically active, carry out specific functions
- Membranous or membrane limited
- Nonmembranous (includes cytoskeleton)
12
Q
Cytoskeleton
A
Fibrillar components (microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, cytoplasmic matrix)
13
Q
Inclusions
A
Metabolically inert, accumulate metabolic products (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, crystals, pigments, secretory granules)
14
Q
Cytosol (cytoplasmic matrix)
A
Fluid containing electrolytes (ions) and colloids
15
Q
Plasma membrane
A
- Thin, selectively permeable
- Lipid bilayer
- Permeable to water and small uncharged molecules
- Special transport systems for charged particles
16
Q
Two kinds of proteins in the plasma membrane
A
- Integral
- Peripheral
17
Q
Integral Proteins
A
- Embedded within lipid bilayer
- Cell metabolism, regulation, integration
- Pumps, channels, receptors, linkers, enzymes, structural
18
Q
Pumps
A
Transport certain ions such as Na+ and metabolic precursors
19
Q
Channels
A
Passage of small ions
20
Q
Receptors
A
For hormones, antibodies
21
Q
Linkers
A
Anchor intracellular cytoskeleton
22
Q
Enzymes
A
Variety of roles, Na+/K+ ATPase, ATP synthase, digestive
23
Q
Structural
A
Form junctions with neighboring cells
24
Q
Two populations of membrane bound endosomes
A
Early and late
25
Endosomes could be _____ or _____ and are involved in _________ pathways
Stable; transient; Endocytic
26
Early endosomes function to ______ and ______ proteins.
Sort; Recycle
27
Late endosomes become _______.
Lysosomes
28
Lysosomes are rich in _________ enzymes for intracellular digesting and are most active in ________ and ________.
Hydrolytic; Leukocytes; Phagocytes
29
Lysosomes have a unique _________ that is _______ to the hydrolytic digestion occurring in their lumen.
Membrane; resistant
30
Lysosomes are implicated in lysosomal ______ diseases, such as ________________.
Storage; Tay Sachs disease
31
The RER contains basophilic bodies called ______ bound to its cytosolic surface.
Ribosomes
32
The RER is typically composed of a network of _________ sacs called ________.
Flattened; Cisternae
33
The RER is _______ with the outer membrane of nuclear envelope which also bears ribosomes on its cytosolic surface.
Continuous
34
The cells that secrete large amount of proteins, such as _______, pancreas, or salivary glands have extensive ______.
Liver; RER
35
The function of the RER is _________ which after synthesis are transported to _________ by vesicles.
Protein synthesis; Golgi complex
36
Membranous elements of SER are typically _______.
Tubular
37
Tubules of SER form an interconnecting system of _________ curving through the cytoplasm.
Pipelines
38
SER is extensively developed in _________, ________, and _________.
Skeletal muscle; kindey tubules; steroid producing endocrine cells.
39
When homogenized, the SER fragments into smooth-surfaced vesicles (called _______) and RER into rough-surfaced vesicles.
Microsomes
40
SER is involved in systhesis of _______ including oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
Lipids
41
SER is involved in __________ and _________ of a variety of organic compounds using __________ enzymes.
Detoxification; Bioactivation; Microsomal
42
SER is involved in ________ (______) metabolism since it releases ___________ in liver cells.
Carbohydrate; Glycogen; Glucose-6-Phosphate
43
SER is involved in membrane _________ and _________.
Formation; Recycling
44
SER, as sarcoplasmic reticulum, sequesters and releases _____ in muscles and fibers.
Ca++
45
The Golgi Apparatus is a network of _______ with double membranes.
Tubules
46
The Golgi Apparatus is the site of _______, ______, _____, and _____ of synthesized products.
- Concentration
- Modification
- Packaging
- Shipping
47
The Golgi Apparatus consists of ______.
Cisternae
48
In the Golgi Apparatus, cis-face toward _____ and trans-face toward _____.
ER; PM
49
The Golgi Apparatus accomplishes transport by __________.
Membrane vesicles
50
The mitochondria are ______ of the cells, slender, rod like, double membranes.
Power houses
51
Inner membrane of the mitochondria extensively folded forming ______.
Cristae
52
The mitochondria has a ______ number of active cells generating ATP.
Greater
53
The three principal reaction cycles in the mitochondria
- Krebs cycle
- Electron transport chain
- B-oxidation of fatty acids
54
The mitochondria are ________, have their own DNA, and hence called semiautonomous.
Self duplicating
55
Peroxisomes are single membrane bounded organelles containing ________ including _____, _____, and _____.
Oxidative enzymes; Urate oxidase; D-amino acid oxidase; Catalase
56
Virtually all oxidative enzymes produce ______ as a by-product which is a toxic substance.
Hydrogen peroxide
57
Hydrogen peroxide is later degraded by ____ thus protecting the cells.
Catalases
58
A disorder involving non-functional peroxisomes results in ___________ which leads to early death.
Zellweger syndrome
59
Microtubules are hollow tubules, walls made of _______ (a polymer of _____)
Protofilaments; Tubulin
60
Function of Microtubules
Maintenance of cell shape
61
Microtubules originate or grow from ___________.
Microtubule-organizing center (MTOC)
62
Movement of intracellular organelles is generated by ___________ associated with microtubules.
Molecular motor proteins
63
Two families of molecular motor proteins
- Dyneins
| - Kinesins
64
Dyneins
Cytoplasmic dyneins move organelles from cell periphery to MTOC
65
Kinesins
Move organelles from MTOC toward the cell periphery
66
Microfilaments include:
- Actin and myosin
- Ankyrin and Spectrin (RBC)
- Dystrophin (Muscle cells)
- Specialized in muscle cells - responsible for contractility of protoplasm
67
The diameter of intermediate filaments is in between that of ________ and _________.
Microtubules; microfilaments
68
Four major classes of intermediate filaments
- Keratins (cytokeratins): skin, hair
- Vimentins: mesodern derived cells
- Neurofilaments: neurons
- Lamins: nuclear envelope
69
Inclusions: Glycogen
- Major sites are liver and muscles
| - Beta or single and Alpha or cluster particles
70
Inclusions: Lipids
- Spherical droplets of neutral lipids
- Histological perparations - lipids are removed - appear as clear vesicles
- Glyceraldehyde and osmium tetroxide preserve dark globules
- Adipose tissue are specialized for fat storage
71
Inclusions: Crystalline inclusions
-Found in certain cells such as Sertoli cells and interstitial cells of Leydig
72
Inclusions: Pigments
- Lipofuscin
- Hemosiderin
- Melanin
73
Lipofuscin
- Brown-gold pigment
| - In cells of long life: cardiac, skeletal muscle and brain cells (neurons)
74
Hemosiderin
- By-product of hemoglobin degradation
- Brown pigments in spleen and phagocytes
- Iron-storage pigment
75
Melanin
- Responsible for skin and hair color
- Bound to a protein melanosomes
- A product of tyrosine
76
The cytoplasmic matrix also known as ____or ____ is a concentrated aqueous gel.
Ground substance; Cytosol
77
The cytoplasmic matrix contains molecules of different shapes and size, such as ____, ____, ____, and ____.
Electrolytes; Metabolites; RNA; Proteins
78
The cytoplasmic matrix is the ______ ____ component in most cells.
Largest single
79
The cytoplasmic matrix is the site of _________ process such as _______ and _________.
Physiological; Protein synthesis; Breakdown of nutrients
80
The cytoplasmic matrix is a complex three dimensional network of ____________ and ___________.
Microtrabecular strands; Cross-linkers
81
The nucleus is the _______ organelle, _______ located, and ______ or ______ shaped.
Largest; Centrally; Elliptical; Spherical
82
The nucleus stains ______ or ______ with _______.
Dark purple or blue; H&E
83
The nucleus contains irregular clumps in the ________ called _______ which contains genetic material DNA and RNA.
Nucleoplasm; Chromatin
84
The nuclear envelope is a double membrane with _____ made of proteins.
Pores
85
The nuclear envelope contains _____________ continuous with ER space.
Peritubular cisternae
86
The nuclear envelope breaks _______ cell division and forms again _____ division.
During; After
87
The chromatin consists of ____________ and _______.
Riobonucleoproteins; histones
88
Condensed chromatin & stainable
Heterochromatin
89
Dispersed chromatin & not stainable
Euchromatin
90
In dividing cells, ________ become visible and are _______.
Chromosomes; basophilic
91
Human somatic cells are _____ and have ____ chromosomes.
Diploid (2n); 46
92
Germ cells are ______ and have ____ chromosomes.
Haploid; 23
93
Abnormal cells exhibit _______.
Polyploidy
94
The nucleolus is _______, _____, and _____.
Retractile, Eccentric, Basophilic
95
The nucleolus forms ______________ and consists of various kinds of _____.
Nucleolus organizing region (NOR); RNA
96
Prophase
- Condensation of chromosomes
- Disappearance of nucleolus and nuclear envelope
- Formation of spindle
- Chromosomes with sister chromatids migrate toward center of spindle
97
Metaphase
- Centromeres align in center of spindle (equatorial plate)
- Each chromatid attached to different poles
- Centromere duplicated
98
Anaphase
- Chromosomes migrate toward poles
- Sister chromatids separate
- Cytokinesis begins
99
Telophase
- Condensation of chromosomes
| - Nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear
100
Meiosis is a form of _____ division of fundamental importance among sexually reproducing organisms.
Nuclear
101
Meiosis occurs in ________ with diploid (2n) chromosomes.
Eukaryotes
102
Two chromosomes of each diploid cell are called _________ chromosomes.
Homologous
103
Humans have ____ or ____ pairs of chromosomes.
46; 23
104
46 chromosomes of a ______ contain 23 from sperm and 23 from ova.
Zygote
105
Once zygote is formed, it _______ for several generations to become an adult organism.
Multiplies
106
_____ and ____ are called haploid cells because they have only one number of the homologous pair of chromosomes.
Sperm; Ova
107
Prophase I
- Leptotene
- Zygotene
- Pachytene
- Diplotene
- Diakinesis
108
Leptotene
- Chromosomes condense
| - Sister chromatids visible
109
Zygotene
- Homologous chromosomes aligned together
| - Synapsis and tetrad formation
110
Pachytene
-Chromatids continue to condense
111
Diplotene
-Separation of paired homologous chromosomes
112
Diakinesis
- Condensation complete
| - Prophase I ends
113
Metaphase I
- Spindle develops
| - Chromosomes align at equatorial plate
114
Anaphase I
-Homologous chromosomes (not sister chromatids) separate
115
Telophase I
-First meiotic division is completed with complete separation of homologous chromosomes
116
Interphase
-A short recess between telophase and prophase II
117
Meiotic Division II
- Events similar to mitosis
| - Include all four phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase II
118
Cell Locomotion
- Ameboid movement of leukocytes; in cells in close contact; villi and microvilli are involved
- Cell movements may be random or directional; directional movement is called chemotaxis
119
Cell death
- Necrosis
- Apoptosis
- Normal cell life span is from a few days to 80 years or more
120
Necrosis
Mechanical injury, toxins, and anoxia
121
Apoptosis
Active and programmed cell death; environment, developmental history or genome
