The Nervous System Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
Basic function of the nervous system is _________.
A
Communication
2
Q
The two fundamental properties of nervous tissue protoplasm are _______ and _______.
A
- Irritability
- Conductivity
3
Q
The capacity to react to various physical or chemical stimuli is called ________.
A
Irritability
4
Q
The ability to transmit excitation rapidly is called ________. It is _______ along axons and ________ across synapse.
A
- Conductivity
- Electrical
- Chemical
5
Q
The nervous system consists of the _________ and _________.
A
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
6
Q
The Central Nervous System is composed of the ______ and _______.
A
Brain and spinal cord
7
Q
The Peripheral Nervous System is composed of ___________.
A
All nervous tissue outside of CNS
8
Q
Nerve cell
A
Neuron
9
Q
Supporting cells
A
Neuroglia
10
Q
The three basic types of neurons
A
- Sensory or afferent
- Integrative or interneuron
- Motor or efferent
11
Q
______ –> Neural plate –> _______ –> Neural folds –> ________
A
- Ectoderm
- Neural groove
- Neural tube
12
Q
Neural tube gives rise to _____ in the adult.
A
CNS
13
Q
Isolated cells which do not participate in making neural tube form a strip called ________.
A
Neural crest
14
Q
Neural crest gives rise to ______ including sensory neurons of cranial and spinal sensory ganglia, most sensory neurons, ________ cells, and autonomic ganglia.
A
- PNS
- Schwann
15
Q
Neural crest also gives rise to me______, od_______ (produce dentin), and cells of ar______ and pi____ _____.
A
- Melanocytes
- Odontoblasts
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater
16
Q
The meninx layer _______ lies next to the periosteum and consists of loose CT, adipose cells, and venous plexuses.
A
Dura Mater
17
Q
The meninx layer ______ is a thin, spider web like, no blood vessels, contains loose CT.
A
Arachnoid
18
Q
The meninx layer ______ is thin, attached to brain and spinal cord, contains loose CT with fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Has numerous blood vessels.
A
Pia Mater
19
Q
The ________ are protective CT layers covering the CNS.
A
Meninges
20
Q
The meningeal space between the dura mater and vertebral column with clinical significance is called _________.
A
Epidural
21
Q
The meningeal space between the dura mater and arachnoids that has minimum fluid is called ________.
A
Subdural
22
Q
The meningeal space between the arachnoid and pia mater which circulates a large amount of fluid called _________ is called _________.
A
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Subarachnoid
23
Q
_______ is an inflammation of the meninges most ofter caused by _______ or _______ but can also be caused by ______.
A
- Meningitis
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
24
Q
_______ meningitis is less common than ______.
A
- Bacterial
- Viral
25
Meningitis is characterized by exudates of _______ in the _____. It can be life threatening and may occur at any age.
- Neutrophils
| - CNS
26
White matter
Myelinated axons
27
Gray matter
Nerve cell bodies
28
Aggregations of nerve cell bodies within CNS
Nucleus (nuclei)
29
Bundles of axons within CNS
Tracts
30
Bundles of axons outside CNS
Nerve fibers
31
Aggregations of nerve cell fibers outside of CNS
Ganglion (ganglia)
32
Characteristics of the neuron include extreme _______, _______, high _______ rate - needs continuous supply of oxygen and glucose.
- Longevity
- Amitotic
- Metabolic
33
The neuron is a _____ cell with a _____ shape, more cytoplasm in ______ than in cell body, and a ______ or ______ outline.
- Large
- Complex
- Processes
- Polygonal or angular
34
The neuron has a ______ nucleus that is ______ or _____ shaped as well as a _____ and _____ nucleolus.
- Large
- Spherical or ovoid
- Single and central
35
______ (cytoplasm exclusive of nucleus) contains filaments, granules, and membranes.
Perikaryon
36
The cytoskeleton of the neuron consists of three kinds of _______.
Neurofibrils
37
Three kinds of neurofibrils
- Microtubules
- Neurofilaments
- Microfilaments
38
Cytoplasm of the neuron has _________, which are basophilic masses of rough ER.
Nissl bodies or substances
39
Nissl bodies are the site of ______ and are found only in ______ and ______, not in _____.
- Protein synthesis
- Cytoplasm and dendrites
- Axons
40
The neuron has a well developed _______ and has rod shaped mitochondria and centrioles present.
Golgi complex
41
Inclusions of the neuron include:
- Dense core vesicles containing neurotransmitters such as _______ and _____.
- _______ pigments
- _______, which indicates advanced age
- ______ droplets
- ______ in embryonic neurons
- Oxytocin, vasopressin
- Melanin
- Lipofuscin
- Lipid
- Glycogen
42
Alzheimer Disease is characterized by ______ in the elderly. The definitive diagnosis is by microscopic examination of ________.
- Memory loss
| - Cerebral cortex
43
A hallmark of Alzheimer Disease is increased numbers of _____ or _____ ______. Another important histologic feature is the presence of __________ ______.
- Neuritic or senile plaques
| - Neurofibrillary tangles
44
The dendrites are extensions of the perikaryon that provide a _______ surface. There are _______ per cell and they may be branched.
- Receptive
| - Several
45
Dendrites are covered with _____ or ______, the sites of synapse.
Spines or gemmules
46
________ of cerebellum have hundreds of dendrites.
Purkinje cells
47
Dendrites contain _________, ribosomes, and mitochondria.
Nissl bodies
48
There is only one ______ per neuron, which is attached to the _________.
- Axon
| - Axon hillock
49
The axon carries impulses ______ from neuron to another neuron, muscle, or gland.
Away
50
The axon has no ________, and is usually thinner and longer. Many are _____, which alters their physical properties, but may be ________ also.
- Nissl bodies
- Myelinated
- Unmyelinated
51
The axon depends on _______ ______ for nutrition and metabolism.
Perikaryonic transport
52
Transport from perikaryon to axon is called _________ and includes ______ and _______, which can further be divided into _____ and ______.
- Anterograde
- Fast transport and Slow transport
- Slow component 'a' and Slow component 'b'
53
Fast transport travels ______ mm/day, transports smooth ER tubules, vesicles, mitochondria, sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, calcium.
200-400
54
Slow transport travels _____ mm/day. Slow component 'a' transports cytoskeletal proteins such as _________ and ________, while slow component 'b' transports cytoplasmic matrix proteins such as ___, _____, ____, and ____.
- 0.2-4
- Microtubules and neurofibrils
- Actin, clathrin, calmodulin, and enzymes
55
Transport from axon to perikaryon is called _______ and transports everything from anterograde plus substances picked up by axons, such as _____ (tetanus) and ______ (herpes, rabies). The speed is about _____ of anterograde.
- Retrograde
- Toxins and Neurotropic viruses
- Half
56
Types of neurons based on axons
- Golgi type I
| - Golgi type II
57
Golgi type I has _____ axons, cell bodies in ____ and axons in _____. Ex. Neurons of PNS
- Very long
- CNS
- Periphery
58
Golgi type II has _____ axons and is found in _____ and ______ _____ as well as the _____.
- Short
- Cerebral and cerebellar cortex
- Retina
59
Types of neurons based on perikaryon: sp_____, ov___, py___, fu____, po____, size _____ (ex. Pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex)
- Spherical
- Ovoid
- Pyriform
- Fusiform
- Polyhedral
- Variable
60
Types of neurons based upon processes
- Unipolar
- Bipolar
- Pseudo-unipolar
61
Unipolar are ___, except in _____.
- Rare
| - Embryo
62
Bipolar have one _____ and one _____, such as in _____.
- Axon
- Dendrite
- Retina
63
Pseudo-unipolar can be found in _________.
Craniosacral ganglia
64
Types of neurons based upon dendrites
- Stellate
- Pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex
- Purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex
65
Stellate cells are star shaped and compose the ______ neurons of the ______ ____ ___.
- Motor
| - Ventral gray horn
66
Purkinje cells of ______ cortex have ____ major dendrites and are _____ branched.
- Cerebellar
- Two
- Highly
67
Pyramidal cells are found in the ____ cortex
Cerebral
68
The nerve fiber is equal to the _____ and the ______ around it.
- Axon
| - Sheaths
69
Many PNS axons are enveloped in a _______ with a sheath of Schwann, while other PNS axons are ________.
- Myelin sheath
| - Unmyelinated
70
_____ is responsible for the _____ color of the PNS nerves.
- Myelin
| - White
71
The Sheath of Schwann forms a thin sleeve around ____ which surrounds the _____. It is ______ in origin.
- Myelin
- Axon
- Ectodermal
72
________ is the outermost layer (plasmalemma) of Schwann cells.
Neurilemma
73
________ is the plasmalemma of axon.
Axolemma
74
Gaps in the myelination are called __________.
Nodes of Ranvier
75
Incisures or clefts of _________ are areas of ________ of myelin sheath.
- Schmidt-Lantermann
| - Loose spirals
76
The Myelin Sheath increases the ______ of ______ and provides _______ to nerve membranes.
- Speed of conduction
| - Insulation
77
The Myelin Sheath is a _____ layer alternating with _________ _______.
- Lipid
| - Nonkeratogenic protein
78
In electromicrographs, myelin sheath appears as _____ and ____ lines.
Light and dark
79
_____ or _____ lines represent apposition of outer surface of unit membrane of Schwann cells.
Light or intraperiod
80
_____ or _____ lines represent apposition of inner surface of unit membrane of Schwann cells.
Dark or major dense
81
The Myelin Sheath is produced by _______ in PNS and certain ________ in CNS
- Schwann cells
| - Oligodendrocytes
82
_______ is a chronic inflammatory disease of CNS characterized by loss of ______. There is no cure, but certain medications are used to manage the disease.
- Multiple Sclerosis
| - Myelin
83
In Multiple Sclerosis, an ______ or ______ disease, damaged patches called _______ appear randomly in white matter.
- Autoimmune or viral
| - Plaques
84
Connective tissue sheath around entire nerve
Epineurium
85
Connective tissue sheath around entire bundles of axons
Perineurium
86
Connective tissue sheath around individual neurons
Endoneurium
87
Classifications of PNS nerves
- Group A
- Group B
- Group C
88
Group A is large, speed _____m/sec, examples - _____ and some _____ fibers
- 15-120
| - Motor and sensory fibers
89
Group B is _____m/sec, visceral _______ fibers of ANS.
- 3-15
| - Sensory
90
Group C is _____m/s and includes ____ and some _____ fibers.
- 0.5-2
| - Autonomic and sensory fibers
91
Two spinal roots of spinal cord
- Ventral or anterior
| - Dorsal or posterior
92
Ventral or anterior has _____ neurons
Motor
93
Dorsal or posterior has ______ neurons
Sensory
94
Major functions of axons is to carry _____ signals.
Electrical
95
Electrical signals depend on _______ ________ of specific ions across axonal membrane.
Differential Distribution
96
There is high _____ outside of the nerve membrane and high ____ and negative _______ ions inside the nerve membrane.
- Na+
- K+
- Protein
97
Stimuli cause a drastic change in ionic _______ causing depolarization.
Permeability
98
_______ of one site on an axon affects adjacent sites and a wave of depolarization progresses in one direction.
Depolarization
99
This wave of depolarization is called a _____ _____.
Nerve impulse
100
Transmission of impulses is ______ along an axon and ______ across the synapse.
- Electrical
| - Chemical
101
Chemicals that transmit impulses across synapse are called __________.
Neurotransmitters
102
______ are specialized sites for chemical or electrical transmission for communication between neurons or between neurons and effector cells.
Synapses
103
Synaptic transmission involves release of __________.
Neurotransmitters
104
Types of Synapses
- Axodendritic
- Axosomatic
- Axoaxonic
105
Typical 3 components of a synapse
- Presynaptic terminal
- Synaptic cleft
- Postsynaptic membrane
106
Excitatory neurotransmitters include ______, ______, and ______.
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
- Acetylcholine
107
A clinical point of excitatory neurotransmitters is the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain which causes ___________.
Parkinson's disease
108
___________ is a progressive degenerative disease characterized by tremors, muscular rigidity, difficulty in initiating movements, etc.
Parkinson's disease
109
Inhibitory neurotransmitters include _____________.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
110
Other neurotransmitters include substance ___, _________ releasing factor, end______, enk_______, vasoactive ________ peptide, cho_______, neu_______, etc.
- Substance P
- Hypothalamic releasing factor
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- Vasoactive intestinal peptide
- Cholecystokinin
- Neurotensin
111
The nervous system is composed of the _____ and ______.
CNS and PNS
112
The Peripheral Nervous System is composed of the ______ and ______ nervous systems.
- Somatic
| - Autonomic
113
The Somatic Nervous System controls ________.
Skeletal muscles
114
The Autonomic Nervous System includes the _______ and _______ nervous systems.
- Sympathetic
| - Parasympathetic
115
The Sympathetic ANS is located in the _________ region.
Thoracolumbar
116
The Parasympathetic ANS is located in the __________ region.
Craniosacral
117
The Autonomic Nervous System includes _____ neurons of PNS and CNS that are concerned with regulation of ______ activities.
- Motor
| - Visceral
118
The Autonomic Nervous System includes numerous small _______, including ______, _______, and ______.
- Ganglia
- Vertebral Ganglia or Sympathetic Trunk
- Collateral or Prevertebral Ganglia
- Terminal Ganglia
119
Vertebral Ganglia or Sympathetic Trunk is located ____________.
On either side of the spinal cord
120
Collateral or Prevertebral Ganglia is located _______.
Away from CNS
121
Terminal Ganglia is located _______.
In the organs
122
The Somatic Nervous System has no _______.
Synapse
123
In the Autonomic Nervous System, the SANS ganglia is located _______ and the PANS ganglia is located _______.
- Away from the organ
| - In or close to the effector (organ)
124
Each peripheral nerve ends in some peripheral area, either _______ or _______ endings.
- Sensory
| - Axons
125
Sensory endings include ______ in ______.
Dendrites in receptors
126
Axons endings include _____ in SKM and ______ in glands.
- Motor
| - Secretory
127
Groups of nerve endings can be found in _____, _____, and ______.
- Muscles
- Epithelium
- Connective tissue
128
Motor nerve endings of smooth and cardiac muscle have no _____ _______, are un________ and ______ from organ.
- Special junctions
- Unmyelinated
- Away
129
Motor nerve endings of skeletal muscle have ______ _______ (motor end plate) and are ________.
- Specialized junctions
| - Myelinated
130
In sensory nerve endings of smooth muscle, visceral fibers branch between _______ and _______.
Connective tissue and smooth muscle
131
In sensory nerve endings of skeletal muscle, ______ termination occurs in CT, _______ termination occurs in muscle fiber, and _______ occurs in muscle-tendon junction.
- Interstitial
- Epilemmal
- Neuromuscular spindle
132
In nerve endings in tendons there are ________, which spread in tendon fibers and carry pain sensation.
Golgi tendon organs
133
Nerve endings of epithelium are all ______ and can be found in co____, re________, or______, ha_____, etc.
- Sensory
- Cornea
- Respiratory passages
- Oral cavity
- Hair follicle
134
Epithelial glands are partly ______ and partly ______.
- Secretory
| - Sensory
135
Nerve endings of connective tissue have ______ forms, but are mostly _______ and can be found in de____, under ep______, me______, mu____ and se____ membranes, and en______.
- Numerous
- Secretory
- Dermis
- Epithelium
- Mesothelium
- Mucus and serous
- Endocardium
136
Nerve endings of connective tissue may be ____ or _______, respond to ______, ______, etc.
- Free or encapsulated
| - Touch, stretch
137
Neuroglia are ______ supporting cells are there are ___ times more than neurons.
- Non-neuronal
| - 5
138
CNS neuroglia include the _______ and neuroglial cells, such as _____, ______, and ______.
- Ependyma
| - Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia
139
The ependyma is located in the _____ cells of the _______. It lines brain ______, _______ of spinal cord (spinal canal), ch____ _____, etc.
- Epithelial
- Embryonic neural tube
- Ventricles
- Central canal
- Choroid plexus
140
Astrocytes can be _______, which have a large nucleus, abundant granules, and numerous thick processes, or they can be _______, which have long, thin smooth processes.
- Protoplasmic
| - Fibrous
141
_______ are small with few branches and form myelin in CNS.
Oligodendrocytes
142
_______ are very small with an elongated nucleus and short processes.
Microglia
143
PNS Neuroglia include _______ or Capsular cells and ______ cells.
- Satellite
| - Schwann
144
Functions of Neuroglia include establishment of ______ between neurons, mediate _____ activities of neurons, help in ____, involved in _______ and ______ of neurons, are chief sources of ____ ______, and ph_______.
- Contacts
- Metabolic
- Repair
- Regeneration and degeneration
- CNS tumors
- Phagocytosis
145
_______ are extensions of embryonic neural tube with two lateral and a third and fourth.
Ventricles
146
______ are continuous with the spinal central canal and cerebrospinal fluid flows through them.
Ventricles
147
The _____ ______ is non -nervous epithelium that makes CSF and is located at 4 places - roofs of 3rd and 4th ventricles and walls of lateral ventricles.
Choroid plexus
148
The choroid plexus consists of a t____ of c______, l_______ e______, and t_____ c______ (part of pia mater)
- Tuft of capillaries
- Lamina epithelialis
- Tela choroidea
149
The CNS is bathed in CSF for protection from ______ and ______.
- Shocks
| - Injuries
150
The CSF quantity is about _____ mL, is ______, formed from ______, and constantly ______ and _______.
- 150
- Viscous
- Blood
- Renewed and circulated
151
CSF contains p_____, d_____, and i______ s____.
- Proteins
- Dextrose
- Inorganic salts
152
The arachnoid villi are finger like projections of arachnoid extending into ___________.
Endocranial venous sinus
153
The arachnoid villi provide the main pathway of CSF outflow into _________.
Venous circulation
154
The Blood Brain Barrier applies to both _____ and ______. Dyes do not stain brain tissue.
- Brain
| - Spinal cord
155
The Blood Brain Barrier is not an _______ and _______ cannot cross it.
- Absolute barrier
| - Large molecules
156
The Blood Brain Barrier is formed by ________ with ________ with no transendothelial transport.
- Endothelial cells
| - Tight junctions
157
The Blood Brain Barrier protects CNS from abrupt changes in _________ in body fluids.
Ionic concentrations
158
In response to injury, a portion of the nerve fiber (axon) distal to a site of injury degenerates because of interrupted axonal transport, which is called ____________.
Wallerian degeneration
159
In the ____, axon becomes beaded and fragments into discontinuous segments within a few days. In the _____ it takes several weeks.
- PNS
| - CNS
160
Schwann cells proliferate and remain enclosed in _______ forming a tubular ___________ awaiting regeneration of new axon.
- Endoneurium
| - Nucleated band of Bungner
161
If is is a motor neuron, the respective muscle fiber shows pronounced ________.
Atrophy of disuse
162
In response to injury the cell body (perikaryon) of an injured nerve ______ and its nucleus moves to _______.
- Swells
| - Periphery
163
The perikaryon loses Nissl bodies or substances, which is called ________.
Chromatolysis
164
The changes in the perikaryon are called ________ and are proportional to the amount of axoplasm lost.
Axon reaction
165
During regeneration in the PNS, _____ of the _____ divide and develop a bridge covering the scar.
- Schwann cells
| - Band of Bungner
166
The bridge serves as a guide for formation of new nerve processes, called _____ or _____.
Neurites or sprouts
167
Many sprouts degenerate, but sprouts that encounter a ______ re-establish sensory and motor connections. In a motor connection, the ______ also regenerates.
- Cylinder
| - Muscle fiber
