The Cell Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
cell theory
A
- all living things are composed of cells
- the cell is the basic functional unit of life
- cells arise only from cells
- cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA that is passed onto daughter cells
2
Q
eukaryotic cell
A
contain true nucleus
3
Q
prokaryotic cell
A
do not contain a nucleus
4
Q
cytosol
A
allows for diffusion of molecules throughout cell
5
Q
nucleus
A
contains genetic material
6
Q
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A
genetic material, organized into chromosomes
7
Q
mitosis
A
replication of eukaryotic cells
8
Q
nuclear membrane/envelope
A
double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from cytoplasm
9
Q
nuclear pores
A
allow selective two-way exchange of material
10
Q
genes
A
coding regions of DNA
11
Q
histones
A
organizing proteins around which DNA is wound
12
Q
chromosomes
A
linear strands of DNA
13
Q
nucleolus
A
subsection of nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
14
Q
mitochondria
A
are the power house of the cell
15
Q
outer membrane of mitochondria
A
serves as barrier
16
Q
cristae
A
numerous foldings in the inner membrane of mitochondrion
17
Q
inter-membrane space
A
space between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes
18
Q
mitochondrial matrix
A
space inside inner membrane
19
Q
cytoplasmic (extranuclear) inheritance
A
transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus (ex. mitochondria)
20
Q
apoptosis
A
programmed cell death; kick-started by release of enzymes from mitochondria
21
Q
lysosomes
A
membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down many different substrates
22
Q
endosomes
A
transport, package and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane
23
Q
autolysis
A
release of enzymes from lysosomes that trigger apoptosis
24
Q
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
A
series of interconnected membranes continuous with nuclear envelope
25
rough ER
studded with ribosomes
26
smooth ER
utilized for lipid synthesis and detoxification
27
golgi apparatus
consists of stacked membrane-bound sacs; functions to modify and transport cellular products
28
exocytosis
secretory vesicle merges with the cell membrane and its contents are released outside
29
peroxisomes
contain hydrogen peroxide; breakdown of chain fatty acids through beta oxidation
30
cytoskeleton
provides structure and shape to cell
31
microfilaments
made up of actin filaments
32
actin filaments
resistant to compression and fracture; provide protection
33
actin and myosin
work together to contract muscle
34
cleavage furrow
formed from microfilaments; separates two new daughter cells
35
microtubules
made up of tubulin; radiate throughout cell providing primary pathway for motor proteins
36
cilia
made of microtubules; help to move materials along surface of cell
37
flagella
also made of microtubules; involved in movement of cell itself
38
9+2 structure
structure of eukaryotic flagella and cilia; 9 doublets with 2 microtubules
39
centrioles
organizing centers for microtubules found in the centrosome; organize mitotic spindle
40
kinetechores
complexes on chromosomes to which centrioles attach
41
intermediate filaments
diverse group of filamentous proteins; keratin, destine, vementin and laming; involved in cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of the cytoskeleton; anchor organelles
42
epithelial tissues
cover body and line its cavities
43
basement membrane of epithelial tissue
bind cells together tightly to maintain a cohesive unit
44
parenchyma
functional parts of the organ
45
simple epithelia
one layer of cells
46
stratified epithelia
multiple layers of cells
47
pseudostratified epithelia
only one layer of cells but appears to have multiple because of differences in cell height
48
cuboidal
cube-shaped cells
49
columnar
long and thin cells
50
squamous
flat, scale-like cells
51
connective tissue
supports body and organs
52
stroma
supportive structures for organs
53
extracellular matrix
collagen and elastin
54
nucleoid region
area of a prokaryotic cell in which DNA is concentrated
55
archaea
single-celled organisms visually similar to bacteria but functionally similar to eukaryotes
56
extremophiles
coming found in harsh environments
57
mutualistic symbiotes
both host and bacteria benefit
58
pathogens/parasites
do not benefit host, cause disease
59
cocci
spherical bacteria
60
bacilli
rod-shaped bacteria
61
spirilli
spiral-shaped bacteria
62
obligate aerobes
need O2 for metabolism
63
obligate anaerobes
can not survive in environments with O2
64
facultative anaerobes
can use O2 for metabolism or can use other mechanisms in non-O2 environments
65
aerotolerant anaerobes
unable to use O2 for metabolism but are not harmed by its presence
66
cell wall
outer barrier of prokaryotic cell
67
cell envelope
cell membrane + cell wall
68
gram positive cell wall
cell envelope absorbs crystal violet stain, appears purple; consist of a thick layer of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid
69
gram negative cell wall
cell envelope absorbs safranin counterstain, appears red; contain small amounts of peptidoglycan; contains outermembranes with lipopolysaccharides that cause inflammatory response in humans
70
chemotaxis
ability of a cell to detect a chemical and move toward/away from it
71
flagella filament
hollow, helical structure composed of flagellin
72
flagella basal body
complex structure that anchors flagellum to membrane; also serves as motor
73
flagella hook
connects the filament and the basal body
74
plasmid
extrachromosomal DNA that is not necessary for survival
75
binary fission
simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotes
76
virulence factors
traits that increase how pathogenic a bacterium is
77
episomes
subset of plasmids capable of integrating into the genome of a bacterium
78
transformation
integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome
79
conjugation
bacterial form of mating; unidirectional from donor male (+) to recipient female (-)
80
conjugation bridge + sex pili
sex pili make a bridge to facilitate conjugation between two cells
81
sex factors
contain genes necessary for conjugation; F (fertility) factor is one of these
82
Hfr (high frequency of recombination)
cells that have had the F factor integrated into their host genome
83
transduction
genetic recombination that requires a vector
84
vector
virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another
85
bacteriophages
viruses that infect bacteria
86
transposons
genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the host genome
87
growth of a bacteria
- lag phase
- exponential(log) phase
- stationary phase
- death phase
88
capsid
protein coat of a virus
89
virions
viral progeny that are released to infect additional cells
90
virus tail sheath
acts like a syringe to insert genetic material into a bacterium
91
virus tail fibers
help bacteriophage to recognize and connect to correct host cell
92
positive sense RNA virus
genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by ribosomes of host cell
93
negative-sense RNA virus
require synthesis of an RNA strand complementary to their strand, which can then be used as a template by the host cells
94
RNA replicase
carried by negative-sense RNA viruses to synthesize a complementary strand
95
retrovirus
single-stranded RNA viruses that can synthesize DNA to be directly put into host genome; can lie dormant indefinitely and the only way to kill their DNA is to kill the host
96
reverse transcriptase
used by retroviruses to synthesize their DNA
97
extrusion
process by which viral progeny leaves a cell and takes part of the host plasma membrane
98
lytic cycle
bacteriophage use max use of the cell's machinery; eventually host cell lyses and virions attack new cells; virulent
99
lysogenic cycle
virus enters the host genome as a provirus or prophage; certain environmental factors will prompt the provirus to leave the genome and return to the lytic cycle at some point
100
prions
infectious proteins; cause disease by triggering misfolding of other proteins
101
viriods
small pathogens consisting of very short circular RNA that infects plants; silence genes in plant genome
