The Endocrine System

Question 1

glands

Answer 1

secrete hormones

Question 2

hormones

Answer 2

signaling molecules that are secreted directly into the bloodstream to travel to a distant target tissue

Question 3

peptide hormones

Answer 3

made up of amino acids; can not pass the cell membrane so they attach to the outside receptor (therefore it is a first messenger) and stimulates release of a second signal aka the second messenger

Question 4

signaling cascade

Answer 4

connection between hormone at surface and the effect brought about by second messengers

Question 5

steroid hormones

Answer 5

can easily cross the cell membrane to intracellular receptors; receptor binds directly to DNA, changing transcription of particular genes; slower but longer lived effects; not water soluble so they must be carried by proteins in the body in order to travel in blood; normally end in -one, -ol, or -oid

Question 6

amino-acid derivative hormones

Answer 6

includes epinephrine, norepenephrine, trioodothryonine and thyroxine; normally end in -in or -ine

Question 7

direct hormones

Answer 7

are secreted and then act directly on a target tissue

Question 8

tropic hormones

Answer 8

require an intermediary to act

Question 9

hypothalamus

Answer 9

bridge between nervous and endocrine systems; controls pituitary gland through paracrine release of hormones into a portal system that directly connects the two organs

Question 10

hypophyseal portal system

Answer 10

blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

Question 11

Hormones released by hypothalamus and the hormones released by anterior pituitary in response

Answer 11

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH):FSH and LH
Growth hormone releasing hormone: growth hormone
Thyroid-releasing hormone: thyroid-stimulating hormone
Corticotropin-releasing factor: adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 12

axes

Answer 12

three organ systems

Question 13

posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 13

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Question 14

tropic hormones

Answer 14

hormones of the anterior pituitary that work by causing the release of another hormone at the organ level

Question 15

direct hormones of anterior pituitary

Answer 15

prolactin- stimulates milk production
endorphins- decrease perception of pain 
growth hormone (GH)- promotes growth of bone and muscle

Question 16

thyroid functions

Answer 16

sets basal metabolic rate and calcium homeostasis

Question 17

triiodothyronine and thyroxine

Answer 17

produced by iodination of tyrosine; thyroid hormones

Question 18

hypothyroidism

Answer 18

thyroid hormones are secreted in insufficient amounts; weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance etc

Question 19

cretinism

Answer 19

low thyroid levels in children, resulting in mental retardation and developmental delay

Question 20

hyperthyroidism

Answer 20

excess of thyroid hormone, may result from a timor or thyroid overstimulation; heightened activity level, increased body temp, increased respiratory and heart rate, heat intolerance and weight loss

Question 21

calcitonin

Answer 21

produced by C-cells in the thyroid; acts to decrease plasma calcium levels

Question 22

parathyroid hormone

Answer 22

serves as an antagonistic hormone to calcitonin, raising blood calcium levels; decreases excretion of calcium by the kidneys, increases absorption of calcium in the gut and increases bone resorption

Question 23

vitamin D

Answer 23

required for the absorption of calcium and phosphate in the gut

Question 24

adrenal cortex

Answer 24

secretes corticosteroids

Question 25

glucocorticoids

Answer 25

steroid hormones that regulate glucose levels; also effect protein metabolism; cortisol and cortisone

Question 26

cortisol and cortisone

Answer 26

raise blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein synthesis; can also decrease immunologic responses

Question 27

mineralocorticoids

Answer 27

used in salt and water homeostasis; most profoundly effect the kidneys; aldosterone

Question 28

aldosterone

Answer 28

increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron

Question 29

response to decreased BP

Answer 29

juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney secrete renin which cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I; angiotensin 1 is then converted to angiotensin 2 by angiotensin converting enzyme; angiotensin II then stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, restoring BP

Question 30

cortical sex hormones

Answer 30

androgens and estrogens

Question 31

adrenal medulla

Answer 31

produces epinephrine and norepinephrine; belong to catecholamines

Question 32

Islets of langerhans

Answer 32

alpha cells: secrete glucagon beta cells: secrete insulin delta cells: secrete somatostatin

Question 33

diabetes symptoms

Answer 33

polyuria and polydipsia

Question 34

Type-1 (insulin dependent) diabetes

Answer 34

caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Question 35

Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes

Answer 35

result of receptor-level resistance to insulin

Question 36

somatostatin

Answer 36

inhibitor of boh insulin and glucagon secretion;

Question 37

pineal gland

Answer 37

secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythms

Question 38

erythropoietin

Answer 38

stimulates bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells

Question 39

atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 39

helps regulate salt and water balance; lowers blood volume and pressure

Question 40

thymosin

Answer 40

important for proper T-cell development and differentiation