The Cell A

Question 1

The cell is the ______
They are related by _____
Different structures for _________

Answer 1

simplest collection of matter that can be alive
their decendants
plants and animals

Question 2

The cell theory states three things

Answer 2

The cell is the Basic unit of life
All living things have cells
New cells arise from pre-existing cells

Question 3

The cell size is explained by

Answer 3

To maintain the surface area to volume ratio
To allow transfers across the cell to be faster
faster for nutrients in and waste out

Question 4

Two types of cells

Answer 4

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Question 5

Prokaryotic Cells (5)

Answer 5

First evolved
Lack nucleus 
Bacteria and Archae 
Less efficient 
Smaller

Question 6

Eukaryotic Cells (5)

Answer 6

Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Membranes allow proteins to be stored as different enzymes
More diverse and can do more
Bigger to maintain ratio with all the different membranes

Question 7

List the four things that are common in all cells

Answer 7

DNA
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane

Question 8

What is the plasma membrane made up of

Answer 8

1. phospholipids
2. proteins
3. carbs

Question 9

Describe the phospholipid bilayer (3)

Answer 9

Double layer where the nonpolar hydrophobic remains inside facing inwards, and the hydrophilic polar layer facing out residing in the water.

It is very stable

Amphipathic molecule- half of the molecule is hydrophilic and half is hydrophobic!

Question 10

the plasma membrane is ____ _____

Answer 10

selectively permeable

Question 11

the plasma membrane is the boundary that separates _____

Answer 11

the living cell from outside surroundings

Question 12

NP hydrophobic molecules (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane

Answer 12

CAN- because the middle portion of the phosphobilayer is hydrophobic!

Question 13

ions (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane

Answer 13

CANNOT- fully charged and too big

Question 14

large polar molecules (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane

Answer 14

CANNOT- polar

Question 15

small polar molecules such as water (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane

Answer 15

CAN- but will be slower

Question 16

macromolecules (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane

Answer 16

CANNOT- size too big

Question 17

The Fluid Mosaic Model states that the plasma membrane

Answer 17

is composed of various and different proteins embedded within the membrane, that can travel through other proteins as well

Question 18

Explain how fluidity of the plasma membrane effects the components that travel through it

Answer 18

at room temp- molecules pass through more easily b/c liquid

cooler temps- slower migration

Question 19

If the PM is more rich is saturated fatty acids:

Answer 19

It will form into a solid more readily at cooler temps, more structured and organized

Question 20

If the PM is more rich in unsaturated fatty acids:

Answer 20

It will be harder to solidify, structure is bent and missing a hydrogen

Question 21

Fluid consistency is another prime example of

Answer 21

homeostasis

Question 22

The _______ and ______ of proteins will affect its function

Answer 22

position and amount

Question 23

______ can be used to change fluidity of the plasma membrane

Answer 23

Cholesterols

Question 24

Peripheral proteins-

Answer 24

Bound to the surface of the membrane

Question 25

Integral proteins-

Answer 25

penetrate hydrophobic core

Question 26

transmembrane proteins-

Answer 26

integral proteins that travel from one side of the PM to the other

Question 27

alpha helices-

Answer 27

nonpolar amino acids that makeup up the nonpolar hydrophobic region of the integral proteins

Question 28

what do alpha helices have

Answer 28

a bilayer

Question 29

name five functions of transmembrane proteins

Answer 29

1. transport 2. enzymes 3. fight/flight 4. cell singler 5. cells connect to make tissues

Question 30

tonicity definition

Answer 30

osmotic characteristics of two solutions separated by a selectively permeable membrane

Question 31

name the three tonicity characteristics/ conditions of cell behavior

Answer 31

1. isotonic 2. hypotonic 3. hypertonic

Question 32

isotonic cell behavior

Answer 32

same concentrations equal amounts of solute inside and outside the cell no overall change in size or behavior in cell

Question 33

hypotonic cell behavior

Answer 33

``` atticus less solute inside the cell than outside water will move from outside to inside b/c higher to lower concentration causes cell to burst too much water for the cell ```

Question 34

hypertonic cell behavior

Answer 34

theo more water inside cell so it leaves to go to outside causes shriveling

Question 35

facilitated transport

Answer 35

does not require energy | molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration via a protein

Question 36

active transport

Answer 36

requires energy going against the grain going from lower concentration to higher

Question 37

active transport uses energy in the form of

Answer 37

ATP

Question 38

Which is more beneficial financially, antiporter or symporter

Answer 38

anitporter

Question 39

describe an antiporter

Answer 39

pumps sodium and potassium at the same time in OPPOSITE directions by using a transport protein

Question 40

describe a symporter

Answer 40

carrying two different things in the SAME direction using a transport protein

Question 41

endocytosis

Answer 41

movement of things into the cell

Question 42

give to examples of endocytosis

Answer 42

phagocytosis- traps bacteria cell to isolate from the rest of the body responding to an environmental que- hormones examples

Question 43

exocytosis

Answer 43

movement of things outside the cell

Question 44

what is the cytoplasm made up of

Answer 44

gel-like substance mostly water in the cell

Question 45

function of the cytoplasm

Answer 45

protect and supports the cell

Question 46

when thinking of the cytoplasm, use the analogy of the

Answer 46

water vs. air balloon

Question 47

DNA in eukaryotic cells

Answer 47

found in the nucleus

Question 48

DNA in prokaryotic cells

Answer 48

no nucleus so bound by supplemental proteins

Question 49

ribosomes function

Answer 49

allow information to be transferred from nucleic acids to proteins

Question 50

ribosomes are _______

Answer 50

protein factories

Question 51

ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two places:

Answer 51

1. cytosol ( free ribosomes) | 2. Outside the ER and nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

Question 52

carbs within the plasma membrane can signal

Answer 52

good cells/ which cells not to or to kill

Question 53

membrane carbs can covalently bond to proteins to form

Answer 53

glycoproteins

Question 54

blood types are dependent on

Answer 54

carbohydrate signaling

Question 55

the main function of plasma membrane carbohydrates is

Answer 55

cell recognition and signaling!

Question 56

The ______ and ______ control the orientation and distribution of proteins

Answer 56

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

Question 57

Why does the plasma membrane have to exchange with its surroundings

Answer 57

to control waste | movement in and out

Question 58

diffusion

Answer 58

movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration (perfume)

Question 59

osmosis

Answer 59

diffusion of water molecules

Question 60

facilitated transport

Answer 60

requires no energy | diffusion of molecules from high concentration to low concentration via a protein

Question 61

active transport

Answer 61

requires energy | molecules movement against the gradient, from low to high concentration