The Cell: An Overview Flashcards by Kevin Pinno

Smallest unit with the capacity to live and reproduce, all include the four basic features of plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes

The cell

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A complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA whose molecules consist of nucleotides linked together

Nucleic Acids

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the large double stranded, helical molecule that contains genetic material of all living things.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

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A polymer Assembled from Repeating nucleotide monomers in which the five carbon sugar is ribose

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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What makes up DNA?

Nitrogen base (connected at the 1’), phosphate group (5), and deoxyribose

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Technique for producing visible images of objects that are too small to be seen by the human eye

Microscopy

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Outer limit of the cytoplasm responsible for The regulation of substance is moving into and out of cells. Selectively permeable, made up of a bi-lipid layer and embedded proteins

Plasma membrane/cell membrane

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A protein embedded in the cell membrane that forms a channel allowing selected polar molecules and ions to pass across the membrane

Transport proteins

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A membrane with two molecular layers

Bilayer

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Nonpolar substances that are excluded by water and other polar molecules

Hydrophobic

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Polar substances that are attracted to water and other polar molecules

Hydrophilic

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A unit containing the code for a protein molecule or one of its parts, or for functioning RNA molecules such as tRNA and rRNA

Gene

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All parts of the cell that’s around the central nuclear or nucleoid region

Cytoplasm

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Intracellular movement of cytoplasm

Cytoplasmic streaming

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Aqueous solution in the cytoplasm containing ions and various organic molecules

Cytosol

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In eukaryotes a collection of interrelated internal membranous sacs that divide a cell into functional and structural compartments

Endomembrane system

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The nucleus and other specialized internal structures and compartment of eucaryotic cells

Organelles

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The interconnected system of protein fibres and tubes that extend from the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell

Cytoskeleton

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Lacks a membrane bound nucleus

Prokaryote

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Chain with more than 10 length monosaccharide subunits

Polysaccharide

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A carbohydrate Coat covering the cell surface

Glycocalyx

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A coat typically composed of polysaccharides that is loosely associated with bacterial cells

Slime layer

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External layer polysaccharides around the cell wall in many prokaryotes

Capsule

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a long thread like cellular appendage responsible for movement found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Flagella

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I hair or hair like appendage on the surface of a prokaryote

Pili

Hairlike organelles used for movement and sensing

Cilia

Plastic containing red and yellow pigment happens in plants to attract animals for pollination

Chromoplast

Large water filled organelle in plants cells and maintains turgor pressure of cell and controls of molecule movement

Central vacuole

Cytoplasmic organelles the palms fluid from inside the cell to various points at the surface

Contractile vacuole

How to give support in shape to the cell (only eucaryotic cells)

Microtubules

How contract muscles in animals, assists separating of cytoplasm when a cell divides

Microfilaments

Organelle found in eukaryote cells, distributes proteins

Golgi apparatus

Membrane bound vesicle containing enzymes for the digestion of complex molecules

Lysosome

Plastid found in plant cells, store oil, starch, or protein

Leucoplast

A ribonucleoprotein particle that carries out protein synthesis by translating mRNA into chains of amino acids

Ribosomes

In eukaryotes, responsible for synthesizing, transporting, and initial modification of protein and lipids

Endoplasmic reticulum

What are the current seven characteristics of living things

Order/Organization, utilize energy, reproduce, respond to stimuli, exhibit homeostasis, growth and development, and evolve

Member in separating nucleus from the cytoplasm

Nuclear envelope

Central region of a prokaryote with no boundary membrane separating it from the cytoplasm, where DNA replication and RNA transcription occurs

Nucleoid

Small dense spherical structure surrounding the nucleus of a cell undergoing interphase. Where genes are coded for the rRNA molecules of ribosomes.

Nucleolus

A molecule that contains both an amino and a carboxyl group

Amino acid

Energy for the body

Adenosine triphosphate

Cylindrical structure consisting of nine triplets of microtubules in the centtrosome of most most animal cells

Centriole

What are the three components of Cell theory

A cell is the most basic unit or fundamental working unit of life All living organisms are composed of one or more cells All cells come from existing cells

Why are most cells small

The surface area to volume ratio. The volume of the cell would increase more rapidly than the surface area, limiting the exchange of substances between the cell and the environment

What is the structure and function of the plasma membrane?

The outer limit of the cytoplasm, a bilayer made of lipids with embedded protein molecules. Selectively permeable membrane that separates a cells content from the surrounding environment and regulates passage of substances into and out of the cell

what is the Basic structure of a ribosome?

Consists of a large subunit and a small subunit (left to right labelled, E, P, A). Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than bacteria or Archaea ribosomes.

Large cylindrical structures formed of many types of proteins

Nucleoporins

Made up of many nucleoporins

Nuclear pore complexes

What is the difference of the rough ER and smooth ER and what is the function of both?

Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids for the cell membrane. Contains enzymes that convert drugs, poisons, and toxic into tolerated & easily removed substances Rough ER: Modification of proteins, such as addition of carbohydrate groups to produce glycoproteins which occur in the lumen. The proteins are delivered in small Vesicles that join other organelles. Most of these go to the Golgi complex which packages and source them for delivery to their final destination

Consists of a stack of flattened, membranous sacs known as cisternae. Has three functions, glycosylation, protein sorting, and secretion

Golgi Complex (Golgi body, or Golgi apparatus)

Only in animal cells, membrane Found vesicles that contain more than 30 enzymes for the digestion of many complex molecules. Formed by burning from the Golgi complex

Lysosomes

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

What is responsible for the synthesis of most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria

(Plant cells only) A channel through the cell wall that allows molecules and substances to move back-and-forth as needed.

Plasmodesmata

Usually lens or disc shaped and are surrounded by smooth outer boundary membrane and an inner boundary. (Hint- there are three of them)

Plastids: Chloroplast Chromoplast Leucoplast

Site of photosynthesis in plants.

Choloroplasts

Third membrane system that consists of flattened close to Sacs. The site of light reaction

Thylakoid

What are the components of the endomembrane system?

Plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex

What do Motor proteins do?

Motor proteins “walk” chromosomes to either side of chromosome during anaphase

A polysaccharide that contains nitrogen and is present in the cell wall of fungi and exoskeletons of Arthropods

Chitin

A combination of protein and DNA, found in the nucleus

Chromatin

A cell surface protein responsible for selectively binding cells together

Cell adhesion molecules

An organism and its Early stage of reproductive development, beginning in the first moments after fertilization

Embryo

In a compartment of a chloroplast, enclosed by two boundary membranes and containing a third membrane system.

Stroma

Thylakoids stacked on top of each other

Grana

Membranous channels and vesicles that make up the endoplasmic reticulum

Cisternae

Inner most compartment of the mitochondria

Mitochondrial matrix

Junction that “welds” adjacent cells together

Anchoring junctions

Region of a tight connection between membranes adjacent cells, Seals the space between inner organs

Tight junctions

A Junction that opens direct channels allowing ions and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another

Gap junctions