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ANAPHY > The Cell and Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction > Flashcards

The Cell and Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

have distinct parts, it constitutes our body with more than 100 trillion of it. Though very minute structures, these cells determines form and functions of the human body.

A

Cells

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2
Q

the size of a single cell

A

10 to 15 micrometers.

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3
Q

a blood cell measure

A

7.7 micrometers

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4
Q

ovum measures

A

100 micrometers.

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5
Q

a meter in length of its extensions.

A

nerve cell

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6
Q

different chemical processes during cell metabolism provides energy for muscle contraction and heat production.

A

Cell metabolism and energy use

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7
Q

Cells synthesize various types of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The different cells of the body do not all produce the same molecules. Therefore, the structural and functional characteristics of cells are determined by the types of molecules they produce.

A

Synthesis of molecules

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8
Q

Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals that allow them to communicate with one another. For example, nerve cells communicate with one another and with muscle cells, causing muscle cells to contract.

A

Communication

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9
Q

Each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of the individual. Specialized cells (sperm cells and oocytes) transmit that genetic information to the next generation.

A

Reproduction and inheritance

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10
Q

Most cells have three major portions, with the exception of the red blood cells.

A

Plasma membrane or cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

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11
Q

defining boundaries with gate-like properties

A

plasma membrane, or cell membrane

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12
Q

contains organelles and molecules

A

cytoplasm

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13
Q

acts as the control center and contains a cell’s genetic information.

A

nucleus

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14
Q

Outermost component of cell

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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15
Q

material outside the cell

A

Extracellular

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16
Q

material inside cell

A

Intracellular

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17
Q

determines what can

pass in and out of the cell

A

Cell membrane

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18
Q

found in higher concentrations INSIDE the cell

A

Enzymes, glycogen. and potassium

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19
Q

found in higher concentrations OUTSIDE the cell

A

Sodium, calcium, and chloride

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20
Q

WAYS MOLECULES PASS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE

A
  1. DIRECTLY THROUGH (DIFFUSION)
  2. MEMBRANE CHANNELS
  3. CARRIER MOLECULES
  4. VESICLES
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21
Q

Location: inside cell

A

cytoplasm

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22
Q

give cell shape and hold organelles in place

A

cytoplasm

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23
Q

center of cell

A

nucleus

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24
Q

Location: edge of nucleus

A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

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25
Q

Location: surface of nucleus

A

NUCLEAR PORES

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26
Q

where materials pass in and out of

nucleus

A

NUCLEAR PORES

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27
Q

Location: in nucleus

A

NUCLEOLUS

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28
Q

produce ribosomes

A

NUCLEOLUS

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29
Q

Location: attached to RER or cytoplasm

A

RIBOSOME

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30
Q

Function: produce proteins

A

RIBOSOME

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31
Q

Location: inside nucleus

A

CHROMOSOME

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32
Q

part of genetic makeup

A

CHROMOSOME

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33
Q

Location: inside nucleus

A

CHROMATIN

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34
Q

Location: cytoplasm

A

RER (ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)

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35
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

RER (ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)

36
Q

site of lipid synthesis

A

SER (SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)

37
Q

collect, sort, package, and distribute proteins

and lipids

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

38
Q

distributes materials of cell

A

SECRETORY VESICLE

39
Q

produces ATP

A

MITOCHONDRIA

40
Q

enzymes that digest foreign material

A

LYSOSOME

41
Q

move materials across cell’s surface

A

CILIA

42
Q

move cell

A

FLAGELLA

43
Q

increase surface area

A

MICROVILLI

44
Q

cell’s framework

A

CYTOSKELETON

45
Q

TYPE OF SKELETON

A

MICROTUBULES
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
MICROFILAMENT

46
Q
  • largest diameter
  • provide structural support
  • form cilia and flagella
A

MICROTUBULES

47
Q
  • medium diameter

- maintain cell shape

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

48
Q
  • smallest diameter

- involved in cell movement

A

MICROFILAMENS

49
Q

double helix in nucleus

A

DNA

50
Q

contains 5 carbon sugar

A

deoxyribose, nitrogen base,

phosphate

51
Q

also called Central Dogma

A

FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION

52
Q

flow of genetic information Occurs in three stages:

A
  • DNA replication
  • Transcription
  • Translation
53
Q

information in DNA directs protein synthesis

A

GENE EXPRESSION

54
Q

process by which DNA is “read”

A

TRANSCRIPTION

55
Q

process by mRNA is converted into amino acids (polypeptides)

A

TRANSLATION

56
Q

movement of molecules form areas of high to low concentration

A

DIFFUSION

57
Q

solid, liquid, or gas that contains one

or more solutes

A

SOLUTION

58
Q

substance added to solvent that dissolves

A

SOLUTE

59
Q

substance such as H2O that solute is

being added to

A

SOLVENT

60
Q

measures concentration difference at 2 points

A

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

61
Q

movement of fluid through a partition with holes

A

FILTRATION

62
Q

diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

63
Q

moves substances from low to high

concentration

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

64
Q

involves the diffusion of water down the concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

65
Q

TYPES OF OSMOTIC SOLUTIONS

A
  • HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
  • HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
  • ISOTONIC SOLUTION
66
Q

lower concentration of solutes outside cell

A

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

67
Q

The solute concentration outside the cell is less
than the concentration inside the cell. Therefore, the water concentration outside is greater than that inside, and water flows into the cell.

A

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

68
Q

higher concentration of solutes outside cell

A

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

69
Q

The solute concentration outside the cell is
greater than the concentration inside the cell. Therefore, the water concentration is greater inside the cell than outside, and water flows out of the cell.

A

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

70
Q

equal concentration of solutes

A

ISOTONIC SOLUTION

71
Q

The solute concentration outside the cell is the
same as that inside the cell. Therefore, water concentration is also the same on both sides of the cell, and the net movement of water is zero

A

ISOTONIC SOLUTION

72
Q

process that brings materials into cell using vesicles

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

73
Q

TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS

A

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

74
Q

The cell “eats” large particles such as bacteria, viruses, and dead cells.

A

Phagocytosis

75
Q

The cell periodically “drinks” by

forming small vesicles around droplets of extracellular fluid.

A

Pinocytosis

76
Q

process that carries materials out of cell using vesicles

A

EXOCYTOSIS

77
Q

formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell

A

CELL DIVISON

78
Q

each cell (except sperm and egg) contains

A

46 CHROMOSOMES

79
Q

sperm and egg contain

A

33 CHROMOSOMES

80
Q

cell division that occurs in all cells except sex cells

A

MITOSIS

81
Q

STAGES IN MITOSIS

A
  • INTERPHASE
  • PROPHASE
  • ANAPHASE
  • TELOPHASE
82
Q

time between cell divisions

A

Interphase

83
Q

chromatin condenses into chromosomes

A

PROPHASE

84
Q

The centromeres divide, forming two chromosomes instead of a pair of attached chromatids

A

ANAPHASE

85
Q

the two new nuclei assume their normal

structure, and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells.

A

TELOPHASE

ANAPHY (9 decks)

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