Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 101 > The Cell (Lesson 6+7) > Flashcards

The Cell (Lesson 6+7) Flashcards

(53 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cell

A

Fundamental to biology as the atom is to chemistry (Robert Hooke)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Surface-Area to Volume Ratio

A

As the cell becomes larger, it’s volume increases at a higher rate than surface area and so:
- Larger you are, the more metabolizing, the more cell number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cell Size Limitations

A

Limited because of requirements for homeostasis (higher surface area = easier in/out the small)
-Metabolic demands (volume) but transport of materials (surface area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

DNA free in cytoplasm, small, usually all single cell (Bacteria+Archae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell Wall (Prokaryotes)

A

Very- strong/ resists bursting. In Bacteria, wall composed of peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Protein + Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 types of Gram Wall

A

Positive: 1) Thick peptidoglycan (cell wall)
2) Plasma membrane

Negative: 1) Outer membrane + Thin peptidoglican (cell wall)
2) Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gram staining

A

Valuable tool, can check if gram is +/-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Capsules of Prokaryotes

A

1) Helps the cells adhere/stick to things
2) Protects the cell from drying
3) Protects from destruction by white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Domain Archae

A

Have histones (proteins) associated to DNA (Eukaryotes) + Slayer on cell surface + have cell wall (not have peptidogycan in cell wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Single/Multi Cell, DNA in nucleus and larger (10 times bigger), in cytoplasn there are organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 types of organelles

A

1) Membranous organelles: surrounded by a membrane

2) Non-membranous organelles: No membrane present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

A cell is surrounded by plasma membrane, boundary between cell contents/surrounding.
- Cell adhesion, Recognition/communication

Separating internal/external environment allows to regualte movement + maintain balance of internal

1) Phospolipid molecules
2) Protein
3) Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Region between the nucleus/the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid substance within the membrane (contains organelles + most of cell mass), it fills the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nucleus

A

Wrapped in “doubl membrane” -> nuclear environement.

1) Has pores to permit exchange with cytoplasm
2) Contains DNA (2m long) + Protein
3) Controls center of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chromatin

A

Loosely arranged DNA/protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chromosomes

A

tightly packed DNA/protein (histone)

-Humans –> 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fluic Mosaic Model

A
  • Proteins are interspeed among the lipid molecules like tiles in a mosaic.
  • Proteins move sideways through the bilayer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

ER is continous with the nuclear enveloppe, weaves in sheets creating network of membrane tubules/sacs (cisternal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rough ER

A

Produces proteins (with ribosomes) + distributes proteins by transport vesicles

1) Synthesis/transport of proteins
2) Modification of proteins (fold into 3D conformation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Smooth ER

Study These Flashcards
A

The smooth ER is rich in enzymes/plays a role in a variety of metabolic processes. (no Ribosomes)

1) Synthesize/transport lipids (oils, phospholipids + steroids)
2) Detoxifies poisons/drugs (in liver)
3) Metabolizes carbohydrates (sugars, startch, etc)
4) Storage of calcium

23
Q

Golgi Apparatus

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Manufactures, warehouses, sorts + shipping center for cell products. Similar to ER in structure (5-20 membranous sacs)
    1) Chemical modication of molecules (refines molecules)
    2) Packaging/Export of various molecules (storage/transportation of substances)
    3) Synthesis n carbohydrates
24
Q

Vesicles

Study These Flashcards
A

Store/transport chemicals

-Hollow spherical organelles: surrounded by a membrane identical to plasma membrane = membrane - enclose sacs

25
2 types produced by ER/Golgi
1) Transport (ER) | 2) Secretory (Golgi)
26
Lysosomes
To destroy specified substances (pathogens/damaged organelles, etc.) - Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes (formed by Golgi), pH5 acidic - In case of leakage, the enzyme not active within cell (difference in pH allows security if Lysosomes burst)
27
Phagocytosis
Digests materials taken in from outside of the cell
28
Autophacy
Digest organelles taken from inside of the cell
29
Peroxisomes
Fatty acid metabolism, detoxify alchohol/other harmful compounds (liver) - breaking them down - they can self-repricate - Enzymes transfer H from substances to 0 -> produces H2O2 a poison which peroxisomes can break down
30
Mitochondria
Power house of the cell they are the sites aerobic respiration - converts glucose (sugar) into energy [sugar -> ATP] Adenosine triphosphate
31
Phospholipid bilayer
Each two membranes is composed of it (own collection of protein)
32
Endosymbionts
The mitochondria in Eukaryotic cells are thought to derive from bacteria like endosymbionts integrated into the cell millions of years ago.
33
Nucleolus
Production/assembly of ribosomes, located in nucleus, no membrane seperates the nucleolus from the rest of the nucleus
34
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis, location are: 1) Free-floating in the cytoplasm: makes protein that cell will use 2) Attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: make proteins that can be stored/ released when needed
35
Cytoskeleton
Form/internal framework to support and give shape to cells (network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm) - Can extend/contract -> allows cells to change shape (very dynamic)
36
Types of Cytoskeleton
1) Microbules 2) Intermediate Filaments 3) Microfilaments
37
Microbules
Thickest/Hollow 1) support cell 2) transport (in cell + cilia flagella + transport chromosomes during cell divisions) - Act as "railroad tracks" (involved in movement of organelles in cell)
38
Centrosome
non-membranous organelle, in animal cells, the centrosomes made up of a pair of centrioles (at right angles to each other) - Made up of microtubules: 1) microtubule-organizing center 2) move chromosomes during cell division
39
Flagella/Cilia
Structures used for movement 1) Flagella: few/long 2) Cilia: short/numerous
40
Intermidiate Filaments
1) Maintenance of cell shape (stabilize cell shape) - Larger than microfilaments but smaller -> microtubles - Constructed from different protein per type - They don't bind ATP/serve as tracks
41
Microfilaments
String of actin (2 chains) 1) Maintenance of cell shape (stabilize cell shape) 2) Movement of cell (ex: muscle cell contraction)
42
Extracellular matrix
1) holds cell together 2) help regulate cell behavior 3) cell signaling 4) cell receptos - ECM is gel-like substance (carbs + fibres)
43
Contractile Vacuole
1) Exports excess water collected from inside the cell (main cytoplasmic [ ] of chemicals) - Think of it like the bladder -> fills out once the limit is reached
44
Plant cells
Possese: 1) Cell wall, 2) Chloroplast | not have centrioles + lyosomes
45
Cell Wall (Plant)
1) Supports cell/the plant (cellulose) -> hard/rigid | 2) Helps prevent water loss
46
Plasmodesmata
Pore in cell wall which connects directly the cytoplasm of 2 cells, allows movement of fluids between cells
47
Central Vacuole
Supports cell/plant, 90% of cell volume + helps maintain turgor + site of storage various products/of waste -Storing various compounds + disposing metabolic waste
48
Chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis (diy sugar) | - Found in green parts of the plant + contain pigments
49
Difference between Mithochondria/Chloroplast
1) Mitochondria: Food --> ATP - Uses O2 to make energy - Waste = CO2 2) Chloroplast: Solar energy --> Food - Uses CO2 to make energy - Waste=O2
50
Differential Gene Expression
Every cell within an organism has the same genetic composition but cells have specific functions - Every cells has some genes turned on/others turned off - They express different subset of genes (proteins) --> A typical human cell expresses about 20% of its genes at any given time
51
Viruses
Not members of any of the domains/kingdoms - Obligate intracellular parasites - Can't reproduce or have metabolic activities - Either DNA/RNA (don't have ribosomes) - They need a host because of the specefic receptors where they bind 1) enters the cell 2)injects nucleic-acid - -> Using the machinery of the host
52
How viruses work?
1) New original copies to spread | 2) Virus kills the host cells
53
Treatments
1) Antibiotics -> Bacteria | 2) Vaccine -> Viruses, bacteria, etc. (non active virus!)

Biology 101 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions